I was watching an Incan documentary where they mention that the Incas had no idea what a mounted soldier was, much less how to respond to an organized attack formation of cavalry units. I immediately think of pikemen as a standard defense. Any insight into how an experienced European defensive formation would look like?

I keep hearing mixed opinions on this subject. Is there any definitive answer?

When did hades begin to be equated as evil? I'm assuming around the same time Christian mythology rose to prominence, because in grrek myths he wasn't a bad guy, just charged with keeping watch over the underworld (not hell, the realm of the dead) in order to preserve balance between life and death

In 1160, what are the chances that Alfred, an unfree serf, would personally interact with the Earl of Norfolk in his lifetime? Would the earl be personally involved in agriculture, or would that authority be devolved to his relatives and employees?

In popular culture we see a lot of barbarians, who could not afford armor like mail, fight shirtless. Is there any truth to this and if so why? Was there any advantage to being shirtless?

Why does the area around Georgia, Azerbaijan and northern Iran have such a high density of de facto states?

Various historians have painted him as either a dumb hick who didn't realize what he was getting into, a patsy who was set up by the investigators to be a highly visible fall guy, or one of the core group of match fixers who received one of the highest payouts.

Jackson himself originally confessed to involvement, then recanted, and maintained his innocence throughout his life.

What's the truth (or as close as we can get to it)?

I know some of the known pirates are in it, Anne Bonny, Charles Vane and so on.

but clothes? the way things was handled on the ships? Raiding? Sickness and health? drugs and alcohol? everything! Is it done right or is it something that is totally out of place?

I am currently reading Russia Against Napoleon by Dominic Lievens. I think it's pretty good, I was just curious if somebody else has read this book and if so, how did you like it ?

He beat back multiple invasions, He had to deal with usurpers left and right, and set up the empire so Clodius Gothicus and Aurelian only needed to walk across the goal line. (Yes, I'm simplifying reuniting the empire.) I mean Aurelian had the time to go to Palmyria and wage war. How could he have done that if Gallienus hadn't started (not finished) some sort of stability on the Danube. Anyone agree or disagree?

The paper is focused on major political and social developments in France, Prussia, and Austro-hungary during the years between 1848–1851. What social and political events took place during these years, and what were the causes? Any help is appreciated, thanks in advance for your time.

In this game I've been checking out(empire total war) the basic infantry usually only have the first 2 ranks firing and then reloading and firing again while the rest of the ranks just stand around, even if the formation is like 20 ranks deep. Would that have actually been the case in real life?

Another thing is would the infantry have used the tactic of firing and marching forward at the same time or some kind of similar tactic. ?

The Russian Revolution: was in a Coup created by a few radical Marxist or was it a revolution in which the Russian society/culture also played a vital role?

This is a key question within my Soviet History class. I personally think it was primarily a coup led and controlled by the key players (Lenin,Stalin, Trotsky, ect.)

Thank you to any answers in advance.

Additional but not necessary questions are, what name did the Romans have for the Sassanid empire? and did these names change with time or stay the same?

I believe I saw this argument once on the internet, that in the early Republican-era Roman Italy had a massively larger population than Iberia, Gaul or Britain, but that centuries later those regions had grown in population to the point where they could no longer be administered effectively or militarily controlled by Rome.

Is this a legitimate argument put forward by any scholars, or just something random I read on the internet?