I'm curious to learn how the Prussian Army was divided during the many coalition wars. I understand the French army was separated into Corps with separate infantry, cavalry, and artillery, was Prussia anything like this?

For those who don't know, hadith (sayings of the Prophet) transmission involves a tradition of citation. There is a list called isnad, that is a list that comes before each and every hadith that is supposed to list the chain by which that hadith was transmitted. It essentially says, "I heard this from Khalid who heard it from 'Umar who heard it from Abbas who heard it from the prophet, peace be upon him."

This system relies on reliability of each link in the chain and how likely that person is to have transmitted the information correctly, which is based on a judgement of the person's character.

Had this sort of character judgement as a technique to settle disputes (not just in religion but also in other affairs, e.g. trade) been around in Arabia at that time, before Islam? What was the literary and oral culture like?

I'm writting a Tale about a soldier in the Napoleonic Wars, does anyone have any book, yt video(or channel), films and series, articles, files, letters, diaries or anything that narrows the battles trought the pov of a soldier? (Instead of a General or a major battle view) I'm really into it, so even historical files (like mentioned diaries, letters etc) would be of my interest as long as they are public and legible... About translactions i have a french friend that is willing to help me in case some of the recommendations are in french Because of the "kind of warfare", i'm searching for things even beyond Napoleonic period, so ANYTHING between 1750-1825 would be of a great help! So, the more detailed the better, what did they eat, how were the interactions between soldiers and the battles itself! Thank you! Edit: please, tell me on DM, cause for some reasson i can't see the replies😬🙁... thank you!

As a hypothetical example, picture a medieval crime family developing its own code to keep the knights off their back or whatever while they brutalize the peasants, eventually amassing enough power to make a little fiefdom for themselves, allowing the code language they invented to blossom into a widely-spoken (at least locally) or somehow historically significant language among their populace.

It's well known that the Union had overwhelming logistical advantages over the Confederacy — the North, vis-a-vis the South, was far more industrialized and had far more people. If I'm not mistaken, the Union even had agricultural advantages over the Confederacy. This being the case, how did the leaders of the CSA plan on winning the war? I doubt they were completely irrational. I read John Keegan's The American Civil War about two years ago, and if I recall correctly, Vice President Alexander Stephens proposed a strategy that involved taking advantage of the South's vast space. If the Confederate Army could evade its Northern counterpart long enough, and bring about great financial burdens in doing so, eventually, the Union leadership would conclude the war "wasn't worth it," so to speak. Basically, this would be a war of attrition. On the other hand, President Davis and General Lee wanted to win the war in the "Napoleonic style." That is, meet the Union head-on in battle, and secure decisive victories that eliminated the adversary's armies. Considering the logistical disparities between the two sides, I don't understand how either of these strategies could have worked. Regarding Stephens' plan, how could the South have won a war of attrition against a military that had far more supplies? And regarding General Lee's plan, wouldn't the Union Army, solely based on manpower, be able to absorb far more blows than the Confederacy? So, my question is this: How did the leaders of the Confederacy rationally believe they could win the ACW? What were their most reasonable plans?

I’m sure it depends on when and where you are in the world. But say I’m an average person (not destitute , not wealthy) in Europe in the 1500s CE, and find a gold coin while I’m out walking. What do I do with it? Can I get it broken into smaller amounts, or buy something small and get change?

What I mean by champion dueling is the leaders or champions of two armies facing up in front of their respective armies before battle and well, dueling. I see this pop up a lot in accounts of early Islamic history, with Khalid bin Waleed and Ali Ibn Abi Talib being particularly prominent examples. The circumstances of these events lead to me to take these accounts with a grain of salt. But I've also seen an example of a certain Roman general, Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who killed a Gallic chieftain in single combat. However, it seems that even contemporary Romans considered this an extremely rare and exceptional event. So was it very uncommon? Did it happen primarily in more tribal societies, such as those of the Gauls and of the Arabs? Is that why it's somewhat rare amongst more settled societies? If it did happen, what was it's purpose? Merely to raise morale? Or was it so common that if a leader didn't do it, they'd suffer a loss of face? Sorry for the long question.

I'm a translator who works for a translation firm; despite not being a translator of historical documents (or all that familiar with history), sometimes we handle things such as period drama subtitles that include references to, among other things, the Chinese 王 (often with qualifiers [親王, 郡王, etc.], the significance of which seems to also vary.)

What little history I learned tell me that the word can refer to someone enfeoffed, or not; stipended greatly, or not; hereditary, or also not; their titles may refer to actual locations.....or also not.

(Google sometimes helps a lot, but also sometimes not.)

Usually, my clients and editors are happy enough with a "Prince of XX" (although a colleague once complained that Prince of Zhongxiao isn't a good rendition for 忠孝王 since that suggests Zhongxiao is a place); however, I've always wondered - just how exactly has this simple character been used differently in what are no doubt very different contexts throughout the states of China? Is there a "better" translation for, or a term in English that corresponds to, the term in general?

PS: I think I once read u/EnclavedMicrostate write a comment that somewhat covered the Ming system, but I also forgot where it was.

Considering tin was expensive and rare, and they still kept buying it to make bronze I wonder whether this was actually worth it.

did the ancient Greeks of the iron age the worship titans or believed that the Greeks of the bronze age worshipped them?

also does the titans have any connection to the gods of the Greeks of the bronze age?

Title edit: *20 years later

Did Gonzalo Guerrero have access to military knowledge that was somehow valuable to the Maya? And would that be normal for a low-born sailor from some remote place in Spain to have?

And wouldn’t the Maya limit their caciques (warlords) to people born in local nobility?

Also, incidentally - would his lot in life as a Mayan warlord be a lot better than his life if he were to return to Spain?

Thanks

Hey guys, am looking for a comprehensive OOB for Colli's Austro-Sardinian Army in the 1st Italian Campaign. Seen a lot of sources, but they all entail solely infantry regiments, and several accounts and sources claim that the Sardinians had cavalry and concentrated artillery. Does anyone know enough about the campaign to give me a hand?

In “The Travels of Marco Polo”, Marco Polo claims that he travelled to an island in the Indian Ocean inhabited by men with dog-heads, dog teeth, covered with fur, and had long tails.

Did contemporary readers believe his story?

If so, how long was it until people in Europe realized it was a fictional account?

Also, did the Jewish community there experience a sudden uptick in antisemitic acts from their new neighbors right after the Greek-Turkey population exchanges? Or from their existing/remaining old neighbors, for that matter?

I'm mostly interested in the writings of Jewish religious authorities, academics, politicians, and others who might be broadly considered community leaders or members of the intelligentsia of Thessaloniki at the time.

Thanks!

Hello and please direct me to the relevant thread if this has already been discussed. I've been looking for some literature that can give some insight into the social context of life under the Nazis and what factors encouraged people to adhere to, or even attempt to exceed, the expectations of the state when it came to oppression or the participation in mass murder and genocide.

Hope this is the right page for this. I was watching this Vietnam movie portraying a soldier jumping on top of a grenade, taking the full blow, and saving the group around him. I know it’s a movie but it’s not the first reference I can recall. Did that really happen? Is it physically and mentally possible? And I can’t imagine what it would take to make that decision in a split second needed. If so it really shows the camaraderie and how close they were. Also I don’t know if that’s the first war/battle it was employed, thought it’d make a good question. Thanks.

I was always under the impression that Feudal Japan ended around the time Meiji Restoration but I have seen dates that are couple of decades before the Meiji Restoration and wondering “what was a factor that made the dates different from what I usually thought it was”

I’ve read that there were some issues when Malcolm X made Hajj in the 60s. At first they didn’t believe he was a Muslim, but eventually, the royal family received him as their personal guest. Would love to know more about his experience & how the issue got resolved.