What was the earliest point where people were aware that dinosaurs had existed? I would imagine that archeology goes back a ways, but before that as well. Did Vikings know about them? Did people dig up, by chance, old bones of something big or a big skull or something- were those the original inspiration for dragons, or maybe other mythology? They might not have know the whole history that we've pieced together but they would have had to have found remains at some point right?

I was wondering what were the socio-economical circumstances around the migration of people from present day Germany to the USA in the 18th to 19th century? I know some things about why Italians, Irish, Poles and Eastern Europeans have migrated to the USA in the same period, but would like to know more about the German speaking migrants and the reason for their journey to the New World.

So, basically the title, but why didn't they? I think there was the Iberian Union once, but that was rather peaceful, wasn't it? It also seems pretty profitable for the Spanish to not only get rid of their arch-enemy in the west, especially after its alliance with France. But also to consume Brazil and then have full control over South America. I also imagine that Britain would not be that huge of a oroblem to the Spaniards, after their alliance with France, as they would have probably clashed with them enough.

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For Clarification: With French-Spanish Alliance I mean their shared Bourbon throne after the war of spanish succession.

I was interested in learning more about the history of the middle east, so I looked online for some books about it and I found something from the 6000 bc -500 bc and from 700 ad - today. As you can see there is a big hole between the 500 bc and the 700 ad, because I couldn't find any book about that time period. Can someone help me?

(Even if the book suggested doesn't start exactly in the 500 BC or end in the 700 AD it's good, also multiple books are good if there isn't only one)

Cincinnati built planes, Cleveland built tanks, and Detroit built jeeps, off the top of my head. How'd they actually get shipped out? Rail? Water ways (if so, which ones? Especially from Cincinnati).

So much heavy industry in the area, that seems so far away from convenient affordable shipping. How'd they get it to England and Russia to actually fight? Or even to the Pacific if they ever built stuff for the Pacific front?

I know the states started breaking apart along various administrative divisions of the Spanish Empire, but why did this happen? Why didn't they stay united like the Thirteen Colonies that became the United States?

Did the unifiers work together to unify Japan? talking about the three unifiers; Oda, Totoyomi and Tokugawa

I read a lot of history, particularly American history. But until recently, I never heard of the Tulsa Massacre. How was this shameful episode in American history suppressed?

Also, how should we view the Tulsa Massacre today? It obviously wasn't an aberration. Were there other pograms against African-Americans which compare? Did returning black veterans face discrimination through out the country?

Was reading up on this event, and there’s a ton of news articles detailing it, but not a lot written by historians. I read in an article that there are basically two sides of historians arguing about the cause of this, but can’t find any evidence of it? Is it just my poor googling skills or is there a lack of historiography on this specific event? I’ve been reading through articles for a while, and still can’t find anything.

If possible, could anyone name some historians/historical debate and cite their sources?

Whenever I read of Genghis Khan or any of his successors including Timur Lane i'm shocked by just how brutal and "cruel" they were and were described to be towards their enemies and people who lived under their enemies engaging in many slaughters and genocides of entire peoples and also executing people on mass in ways such as burying people alive. This is something I don't think existed or am unfamiliar with the existence of in medieval Europe/Middle East with the most similar thing being a sack/pillage of a city where soldiers plundered and killed everything in sight but never an outright extermination of whole enemy peoples or purposeful cruelty like this.

Is their any specific cultural, religious, or historical reason for steppe warfares severe brutality? Why is their a disparity between European/Middle Eastern medieval warfare and the warfare that the Khans engaged in? Was warfare always this brutal for the people of the steppe even before Genghis

Can somebody relate George Keenan's article to the disintegration of USSR?

Why did English end up with poorer correspondence than other European languages that saw a lot of printing? Was it simply that English included words from a wider variety of languages, and so was bound to be more varied?

Edit: Or is it that English changed more post printing press than other languages? If so, why?

Pretty self explanatory, elephants are obviously not indigenous to the region and their skeletons would stand out if found.

I know Hannibal lost most of his elephants crossing the Alps, are there any accounts of later people using the same path and running across dead elephants? Or maybe once the elephants died were they gotten rid of by throwing them into the crevasses lining the path that people wouldn't normally explore?

I am working on a multi-year present for my Dad. Each Christmas, getting another trench whistle from the major powers of WWI.

The countries with distinct whistles that I’ve identified so far are Germany, Russia, USA, and Great Britain. But I cannot find a distinct style for France. (Or Italy, the Ottoman Empire, and Austria-Hungary for that matter)

But surely France, given the amount of trench warfare they endured, used trench whistles? Does anyone know a resource that may point me in the right direction? Thanks for your time and expertise! Cant wait to post the photo when it’s complete.

For sample, did many Americans know the Japanese won the Battle of Savo Island?

From as early as the 50s and 60s, all the way through to the early 2000s, Fiat seemed to have a very special position within Poland and her rebuilding automotive industry. From the creation of Fabryka Samochodów Małolitrażowych (FSM), which was a joint operation between FSO and Fiat, to the licensing of Fiat cars in Poland it seems that they were able to have quite a special relationship with Poland. Famously, the Fiat 126 Maluch is the best-selling car in Poland to this day, with over 3 million cars sold, but the story extends much further than that.

What made Fiat so special? Was it just the design philosophy of those particular Fiat cars that made them easy enough to produce for the eastern bloc market? Were there any issues with this partnership?

In my mind, this is probably unfair, but tobacco is a very American crop (the continents that is, not specifically the USA), it thrives in this hot moist environment that screams the US South and I'm sure plenty of places in Latin America. During World War 2 obviously Americans could grow our own, but where were the Russians and the Germans getting their stuff from? I would imagine we weren't exactly eager to sell luxury goods to the Nazis, and bullets and trucks probably took priority for the Soviet shipping lines. Did Japan have some colonies in the Pacific where they could grow it?

Do we know how any of the people behind the terror-attacks on September-Eleventh reacted to the news of what their plan had accomplished? Did they intend for the buildings to collapse completely, or to just catch fire? Do we have any testimony or records of whether they deemed it a success, given that several other planes didn't reach their targets?