To be specific, what would guards in a city in either: Western Europe, Southern Europe, or the Middle East do ca. 1100-1600? What were their duties?

If so, when? Were their deaths televised? What was the reaction in their home country?

I was thinking particularly in the case of the high-water mark of their conquests, as they approached Vienna itself before they were eventually repulsed in 1683 and their European conquests began to be gradually lost.

I can imagine that in Vienna itself the mood would obviously be quite dire, but what about in other parts of Christendom? What did kings and nobles or peasants think in Rome, or Paris, or London, or throughout the rest of the Holy Roman Empire, if they thought anything at all? Was the Ottoman threat a distant one to them, something they probably just didn't see as likely to ever affect them? Or did any of them have great fear that they might be next in falling to the empire's conquests?

In the modern world, injured troops would be evacuated by helicopter as soon as it was safe to land one. What would the process have been during D-Day or in the Pacific campaign of the Second World War. Obviously medics and corpsman would be the first line of aid for troops, but what would be the process from there, and how quickly could this be carried out?

This is somethin1g that occurred to me today and got me curious. Thanks so much

It makes sense why Britain and France, China and the other members of the nuclear club. But why South Africa? I might be wrong but it seems that they have no major powers in the region.

EDIT: Aaaaand I just took a second look at the FAQ and realized that this question, or one much like it, is on that list. Whoops...

As I understand it, at one point in the US immigrants from Ireland, Poland, Italy, and other places in Europe were heavily discriminated against. But at some point, apparently in the last hundred years, most of the discrimination has disappeared and these demographics have been promoted to White or Anglo or WASP or whatever you want to call it.

When did that happen? How did that happen? Why?

I'm curious because it seems like it has a lot of relevance to the Civil Rights movement and, by extension, pretty much the entire history of America in the 20th century. But I really don't know or understand much about it.

Help me /r/AskHistorians! You're my only hope!

I'm not sure if this is too vague a question. I suppose it might have varied from battle to battle, century to century. But still I don't quite understand how two armies would come together and in some instances one army win so decisively . eg The battle of Agincourt or Cannae (tactics aside how were the troops in the smaller armies not be overwhelmed?) Cheers.

I can find titles such as Governor-General and Chairman, and there are physical embarkation lists available which include ranks and salaries, which I could go to the British Library and dig up, but I'm hoping for a quicker answer! I was wondering if anyone, by any chance, had a comprehensive list of employee titles to hand?! Were there some military and non-military ranks and titles?

I hope this isn't too broad or an unanswerable question, but heres a little back story on why I'm asking this:

So last summer I started reading a bit of Genesis for the first time from the Torah. Now this particular Torah was in both English and Hebrew and had an extensive compilation of footnoted commentary from Jewish and Rabbinical scholars stretching back hundreds of years. I don't have the passage in question in front of me but from what I remember it said basically this: the Torah was written as a book of laws, as such the opening of Genesis involving the creation of the Earth is not to be taken literally, but as an expression of God's supreme authority over the universe and the laws he's passed down to the Jewish people.

So given this, did anyone take the Genesis story to be literally true? Would Christians in the first few centuries of C.E. be taught this sort of interpretation?

What sort of role did the medieval and early-modern era fortifications and citadels that were part of cities in Europe play when those cities became contested during the war? Did they play any part in the defence of said city, and if so, how effective were they at holding back attacking forces?

(P.S mainly directed at the eastern front, and the urban combat in places such as Poznan.)

I have found a lot of info on Naval battles in the north sea and ancient times, but I was wondering how it was different in the Mediterranean.

What were the typical naval tactics and ships used in Mediterranean?

Let's go with 1275-1350 A.D. as the time period.

e.g. Venice vs Venezia, Florence vs Firenze, etc. We don't do this for any other countries with Latin or Germanic-based languages, do we? So then why Italy?

I'm sure I could have phrased that question better, regardless...

I'm curious why both of these screws exist simultaneously. They're both popular, but one of these has got to be easier to manufacture than the other, right? And wouldn't it be preferable to have only one type? And, yes, of course there are other screw types such as the star, and others, but they aren't as common. So tell me Historians, is there an interesting story to all of this? Bonus points if you tell me why it's called a "Phillips" head. (I assume it's the inventor.)