I know it's been alluded to in movies and TV but I can't find any real examples.

It's known that many Europeans and early Americans drank watered-down wine and beer instead of water.

At what point did water in Europe become too polluted to drink?

At what point did this become normal?

And when did we start trusting water again? Did people resist drinking water even though it was eventually deemed safe because of history?

Title, also, when did we all agree to using the same number system? There had to have been other systems than the decimal/base ten system we use now at some point.

I am curious (despite it being highly impossible), about the steps for a group of say between 5 to 7 women to overthrow a king from the 16th Century. I'm trying to write a girl power-esque script and i'm getting lost in my research. I am torn between deciding what would be more realistic: an assassination or a coup-- if either, what would be the steps to do so? Other suggestions and ideas highly encouraged.

This is a question I’ve wondered about that I think is copacetic the rules?

When someone makes a tongue-in-cheek joke about whatever strange and trendy object or meme it implies it will be entirely foreign and illegible to someone who discovers it in the future, that implies a gap where knowledge has just gone. Barring some cataclysmic event, is that something possible? Are current overall databases of historical knowledge (physical or digital) built to be stable or redundant enough to exist indefinitely? If there is knowledge of any sort that’s in danger, how are people attempting to deal with that danger?

This question comes from a reading of Gibbon. He says of failed Emperor-aspirant Gordian II, "Twenty-two acknowledged concubines, and a library of sixty-two thousand volumes, attested to the variety of [Gordian's] inclinations; and from the productions that he left behind him, it appears that the former as well as the latter were designed for use rather than ostentation". I can only assume that by 'productions' in the former case, refers to children.

Would these offspring be killed off as a threat to legitimate children or because of the expense of raising them? Could they be sold off? Perhaps they might serve as a kind of retinue to any legitimate heirs or take their place in their absence?

What was Pre-Emancipation Europe (including Russia) like for Jews? How was daily life? How did it change after?

Any good sources/books on Pre-Emancipation European Jewish life? I know this is a general question, but I’m interested in sources and/or introductory information about the policies that constrained or enabled possibilities in life and just the culture of everyday life in general for ordinary Jews in Europe before Emancipation, and how everything changed after. In addition I imagine the Haskalah is relevant.

Can someone sketch out the lines in broad strokes for me and point to relevant literature? (And please include interesting details).

Based on my research, the surviving inscriptions of Teotihuacan and many other sites are poorly understood. The Olmec writing system is completely undeciphered.

How then are these structures dated? Stone cannot be dated via common methods like carbon 14 dating. While I have read through many articles claiming that Teotihuacan was built in the first century AD and the Olmec sites like San Lorenzo were built in 1500 BC, I cannot find out how archeologists and historians are arriving at these numbers.

The title pretty much. I mean they suffered 10,130,000 deaths in total (incl military and civilian) in the space of only 20 years apart from both wars.

I'd like to mention that I've read a biography of John D. Rockefeller by Ron Chernow so I am acquainted with the subject. I'd like a more broad view because then I'd like to move on to read about Andrew Carnegie and Cornelius Vanderbilt(I know he died around the 1870s but I think he's a good example of the practices of those times).

And if you have any other suggestions on periods, wars, etc.(those less known) that are especially significant and present interesting and important ideas and concepts, I am looking forward to your suggestions.

So I'm looking for symbols/standards related to Julius Caesar these can be anything from standards his army carried to coins minted under him or something as simple as a family symbol. So please if anyone can help with this with preferably sources and at least depictions of said symbols.

Hey!

I am taking a degree in History, and during my study, I came up with a question that, due to being on vacation, I thought to ask Reddit instead of my teacher:

How in the age of metals did humans fuse metals?

Thanks!

I've read some posts explaining how Europe was able to dominate the East, specifically China, but I get the impression that the colonization of Africa is almost taken for granted. Africa is a massive continent and also the most diverse, but when reading accounts it seems like Europeans carved it up like a Christmas ham and the main issue was who got what rather than how to subjugate the various lands.

As a sub question (let me know if this should be a separate post), I remember watching an Alternate History Hub video where they asked what would happen if the Americas didn't get colonized right away and they predicted that Europe would have colonized Africa anyway. I had always imagined that a big part of Europe's ability to colonize other areas had been bolstered by the massive amounts of raw material they extracted from the New World, is this impression wrong? I have been actively avoiding the channel because the idea seems preposterous to me that Europe would have been as dominant today if it hadn't been for a long chain of lucky incidences.