From what I can understand, the modern ranking systems in the British Navy didn't come into effect until after the 17th Century. I'm trying to find out specifically the rank of a naval officer in charge of a land based structure, like a coastal fort. However, any information on naval rankings in general for the British (or even the other colonial naval powers) would be welcome as well.

When talking about Caesar going to Hispania many sites are pretty sure about his forces....like this for an example..."Caesar crossed the Rhône and the Pyrenees with the legions VI, VII, VIIII, X, XI, XIV", but I searched the ancient sources and couldn't find so many clues. Maybe I'm missing something. As far as I know he had 3 legions in Narbo, 3 were with him at Massilia (where did he got those?!) and others (no number or location here) from Gaul had orders to follow as fast as they can.

A category 4 cyclone is currently bearing down in our state (Australia). Where I am, it's eerily still and the tide is way out, but where the cyclone path is, the biggest evacuation of the state's history is under way.

Before technology, or even European settlement, did indigenous people have records of such catastrophic events, and could they tell when one was on its way, and the community had to seek shelter?

Hong Kong flourished as a British colony and became one of the richest cities in the world. But India and even their neighbors in Ireland got treated much worse than the Chinese in Hong Kong. Why was that the case?

I can't find any sources detailing this conflict from before 1929 and those sources say they were diplomatically friendly. Are there any sources i could look at that detail what their previous relationship was like and when said relationship began.

I got thinking about it and it must have been crazy for them to not know what is going on.

On the continent, Vulgar Latin evolved into the languages we know today as French, Spanish, and Italian. But what about the British Isles? After centuries of Roman rule, did they develop their own dialect of Latin that might have gone on to become its own Romance language?

In the United States, elements of punk rock have strong right-wing links, but in West Germany, punk rock seems to have been almost universally left-wing. Is that an incorrect perception? If it is correct, why was it a left-wing phenomenon?

I read a thing about some ancient Egyptian fellas testing positive for tobacco and cocaine. Is it possible there was trade? Or maybe the plant seeds just somehow got over by wind? Or historians just having a wild corpse themed party before the analysis?

Did France overspend in fixed defenses? Was France capable of rebuffing, or holding fast, the German Blitzkrieg if those same resources had been allocated to modernizing the French army's personnel, equipment and armor?

I know that Israel annexed the Golan Heights after the six-day war, but I don't know how nor why they did this. I know that many countries and the UN state this is a violation of international war, but I know next to nothing about international law so any explanation of this would be appreciated.

Additionally, I'd be grateful if I could get recommendations of unbiased, reputable books where I can learn more. Thanks!

I’m looking for books concerning the history, culture, society, etc. regarding Al Andalus, and the era of the Caliphate of Córdoba in particular. A broader, more introductory history would be fine. Anyone have any recommendations? Thanks!

So, I'm 90% certain that it is.

I'm not being intentionally provocative, but a few years ago I walked the length of the wall and I remember seeing a sign that said something along the lines of "over the years, farmers and land owners took stones from the wall, but these have been replaced or renewed. There are also ongoing works to the full length of the wall to repair and renew sections of the wall. I took this to mean that the wall wasn't as it had been built originally, and really that the (remnants of the) wall as it stands today is a bit of a fake.

Now, it's entirely possible that the sign only referenced part of the wall, or that I've misread, or misunderstood it. And obviously there will be some stones in their original place, even if they're subterranean or foundation stones. But at the same time, obviously a lot of stones have been removed over the years and a lot of sections will have been repaired and renovated.

So, is the wall real?

Apparently the HRE's next emperor was elected by the electors (Kurfürsten). Why is it then, that a royal house most likely stayed in charge for a long time and then never again? And what causes a house to fall? (e.g. Ottonians, Habsburgs , Staufers)

Only from 1200 - 1430 it seems to be more normal

I'm researching my grandfather's WW2 service, and after some dead ends I identified the unit he served in and did a records search at the national archives in Bethesda. I’m interested both in him and in the unit in general (since I don’t expect to find much specifically on him). I've already had them send me scans of the 1944 unit history which was very interesting. But there is not a 1945 unit history, instead the remaining files are:

• 553-0.3, A/A Rpt Oct 44-Jan-May 45 (450-500 pages)

• 553-0.7 Journal and File 31 Jul 44-Jul 45 (650-700 pages)

• 553-0.3 A/A Reports 1 Jun-31 Jul 45 (Don't have page count)

• 553-1.13 General Orders No. 1 1944 (Don't have page count)

• (I already have 553-0.1, Hist Yr 44, which was about 100 pages)

Since scanning fees are 80 cents per page I have two questions:

• Is there a more cost effective way to get these? I see you can hire a researcher but would that be much cheaper? I live a few hours away so I’m toying with the idea of going myself, but I’d need to take a day off of work and I’d probably just have time to skim the files and take pictures of some interesting pages, not actually scan all of them.

• What are the ones I should prioritize? From what I’ve read online the Journal and file is mostly messages sent and received which could be interesting but I imagine is mostly bureaucracy. The after action reports I assume is more informative of what the unit did, where they were, who was in it etc, but I’m not certain.

If it matters the unit is the 553rd anti-aircraft automatics weapons battalion (mobile). They arrived in the European theater in October of 1944, were in Maastricht with the ninth army headquarters until at least the end of 1944. After that may have been attached to the 84th infantry division but I don't have reliable sources for any of 1945 yet.

In the conclusion of Dan Jones' recent book The Plantagenets, he states that the Tudors eliminated all other Plantagenets in England. How did they do this?

Suppose you were a businessman working to make the most amount of money. How did the profits of textile mills and slave plantations compare? Which one was better?

​

If you could cite any sources I could use, great! Thanks.

Could a person making a call leave it ringing until somebody answered?