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I was wondering what kind of maintenance and preparation had to go into the external guns on Nazi U boats to keep them fully operational when they were submerged in saltwater. I was also wondering what the external guns were used for how effective they were and how often they were used.

Knowing the consequences of the later European colonialization, is there any way of knowing whether the Vikings had already brought with them any disease?

See text above.

I recognize this answer will likely be different based on a specific time period and location, so please take in it whichever direction suits your area of expertise.

Thank you!

A common misconception that is often debunked is that before Columbus everyone thought the world was flat.

But at this time how many people knew/suspected the earth was spherical?

What about other civilisations such as the Romans, Greek, Egyptians, Babylonians, Europe during the dark ages?

At these times would most people have thought it or only that natural scientists/upper class members of society?

Was there any defining discovery that tipped in favour Globe earth that many people become aware of?

Thanks in advance for your replies.

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Like when compared to what the two major political parties believed in say, the 19th century, todays views seem to be the polar opposite— and the switch seemed to have happened during the civil rights movement. Why did this occur?

I am building a diorama with a b17g and wanted to get a escort aircraft in too So which American aircraft escorted b17g's over the Atlantic basically

I've been wondering what exactly was the process for survivors of concentration camps. Were they sent back to their homes, even if all that was left was a pile of rubble?

Would it have been bottled over in Kentucky, and shipped all that way by train and covered wagon?

Would it have aged in an oak barrel? If so, for how long? Or would it have been something more like a moonshine, made more locally?

Is there anything currently on the market that would compare to it, or was it likely such rot-gut shit that it wouldn't even be legal by today's standards?

And how about 'the good stuff' that a saloon keeper might keep hidden behind the bar for those who could afford it... How good would their 'top shelf' whiskey have been? Anything on the market today that might compare?

(I remember a scene in the show Deadwood - which was well researched - where a VIP high-roller preferred Basil Hayden's, and they we able to get it specially for him. But today's Basil Hayden's is apparently not the same as it was then. Maybe the Basil's of that time was more like today's Old Grand Dad?)

Any historians here? Would love to hear more about those old-timey cowboy whiskies out on the frontier.

I was playing an old favorite game of mine, which in it's day was renouned for it's historical accuracy. Titanic: Adventure Out Of Time

The game made a lot of sense, including some items that were actually on the ship. Obviously the characters and exact story are fictional, but I'm curious how accurate they were in their statement that the entirety of the world wars was riding on the Titanic journey.

In the game, you are a British secret agent investigating the roots of what will become the Communist Revolution and the Nazi party.

(Spoilers following, it's a really good game.)

It's discovered that their are 4 key items that must be taken from German possession.

• The Rubaiyat, a priceless jeweled book to be sold to fund early Nazis. (IRL, this book actually existed and wasn't seen after the disaster)

• A notebook containing all members of the Communist Revolution planning

• A painting by Adolf Hitler himself with a WWI inavsion plan hidden on it

• Jewelry that goes to funding early Communists

According to the game, WW I and II as we know it happened because all four of these items weren't recovered. If only some weren't found, Communists or Nazis would have an upper-hand in the war.

If you complete the mission successfully, with all four items, the Communists are executed and the Nazi party never forms.

Is there any truth to this story? Seems to fit history quite nicely, but I'm no expert, you guys are though.

Were there any actual agents from Britain, Germany, and Russia aboard the ship?

Is it actually true that any items on the Titanic were important keys in history?

Was there really a Communist notebook on board? An original Hitler painting?

If none of that story is actually true or known, and they were just filling in blanks, are there any signs Titanic was connected to WWI that they might've been getting at?

What nationality was Alexander the great ?

I have been trying to get more information specifically on coppice based woodland management. Outlets like mother earth news speak of it being prevalant "in medieval europe" but rarely offer more information on its history. I am also curious about english hedgelaying, espaliers and other methods of manipulating the growth of living trees and shrubs. Will read books, however dense. This is not strictly academic, I manage woodland and ultimately hope for practical insight.