In the Biblical book of Genesis, Jacob selects the color of his sheep by having them look at branches of the same color while they bred — a pseudoscientific "impression" theory of inheritance that was nonetheless widely held in antiquity. What were some of the earliest criticisms of this idea?

To clarify, I'm really looking for criticisms of this ancient idea of animals (or humans!) actually producing characteristically different offspring based on what they were visually looking at while they bred — not just criticism of the broader theory of the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

Thanks!

[Edit:] I've found one explicit criticism of this by Immanuel Kant of all people, at the end of the 18th century.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Were the Qajar dynasty of Iran really part of a continuous royal line going back to the Achaemenids, or was that just propaganda?

By "royal line" I don't mean entirely patrilineal, I mean were they relatives.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

What did West African cuisine look like before New World Crops were introduced?

I spent the last summer in Ghana, and while there I noticed how much of the food is made with New World imports. Food must have been quite different before the Columbian Exchange.

Some examples:

Peanuts (also called groundnuts) are the main source of protein.

Maize is the base starch in much of the food.

Hot peppers are used to spice everything.

Tomatoes go in every dish, most famously, Jollof rice.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Why did Bolsheviks got rid of Russia as a country name and they named it as more generic USSR?

I was wondering after 1917 revolution (or coup whatever you want to call it), Russia was renamed to USSR (Soviet Union). Here Soviet actually means 'Council' in Russian. Usually, names of places have some unique history to it and that's how people relate to it. Mostly all countries have names which are truly unique to them and that allows them to differentiate themselves with other.

But by choosing a generic non-historical name like the Soviet Union, Was it done intentionally to incorporate more countries into the union easily so that the newly joined people don't feel alienated when they become part of USSR?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

At the beginning of the Berlin Blockade by Soviet Occupying Forces in 1948 the people of West Berlin had a "49 day supply of coke". Is this referring to cocaine or the popular soda?

Source: https://de.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berliner_Luftbrücke

According to this Wikipedia article under the history tab, at the beginning of the blockade the American, British, and French allied troops had a 49 day supply of "coke". I was wondering if anyone had any more info of what this is referring too. It seems to be a neat little history fact.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

I read once that there was a great meeting of Cardinals sometime in the first millennium AD that voted on whether or the bible should be interpreted literally or as allegory. How close was the vote? How popular was an allegorical interpretation of the bible at the time?

Also I believe the meeting had/has a specific name which I can't find, and any other resources (or a summary) regarding arguments used to support one side over the other would be greatly appreciated. Lastly were there significant geographical differences at the time in peoples who preferred one interpretation over the other? Thanks!

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Englishman, Frenchman, Irishman, Dutchman (or -woman) are all standard demonyms, but 'Chinaman' is no longer the preferred nomenclature. When and why did this term become outmoded in English?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Do we have proof Sappho was homosexual?

Most of her works have not been discovered. She might have written poems about men and women. That is not to say she was not into women, but there is no proof I have seen.

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She wrote decent poems anyway.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Can I and How do I cite from this subreddit?

Hi, I would not mind if you can forward me to a previous post that has asked this.

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I will be explaining my post but before that let me preface this. I am a student in the accounting field. I just took a Canadian History course this term because of some synergistic reasons that I will not get into. I am a frustrated person when it comes to writing. It is a two-sided issue. First, I love sharing my insights and stuff and writing it. Second, and the reason why I hate writing is that when I submit my paper I am super confident and happy that I got to share my thoughts with my creative writing/history prof, but then my paper comes back with red marks saying I totally missed the point. It breaks my heart.

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Now that is over with, I am asking this because as we all know Reddit posts is not exactly something you should cite in your papers as it is not a credible scholarly article. I do concur with the fact that there is very in-depth and accurate regurgitated information with citations on some posts. My question is how do I go on about playing these regurgitated and condensed information that has been posted. Should I bypass the post and just go to the citation and read the sources (I feel this is disingenuous to the OP and could constitute plagiarism)? My problem with this solution is I most often than not come with the same conclusion as the posts here so I think I should give them credit.

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note: I know I should do my own papers, but I did that in the past and always got bad marks. I read some information here and I always think that could've been a good part of my previous paper. Also, I am not looking into actively getting others to do my assignment/paper I am talking about information posted here and looking at the direction they are going towards and finding my own interpretations.

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tl;dr: Can I cite use the information given here and if yes how do I cite them.

2 Answers 2019-01-18

Revolution in Europe 1789 - 1848

I’ve been reading Eric Hobsbawm’s book “Age of Revolution” - which I would highly recommend to anyone! Although I’m resigned to the fact I’ll probably have to reread most of the book to fully grasp the concepts with I’ve got some questions that I hope someone will be able to answer:

  1. It seems that prior to the French Revolution the rural poor / peasants across continental Europe were extraordinarily passive - I’m still unclear as to why this was and why this changed (in France in 1789).
  2. There were three phases to the revolutions in Europe between 1815 and 1851, the first was in the 20s, second in the 30s and final in 1848. How did revolutions across such a wide geographical area coincide so well? For example between Greece, Spain and Latin America in the 20s or the industrialised UK and the rural frontier of the US in the 30s.
  3. Does anyone have any recommendations for any supplementary reading for Hobsbawm’s books or books on the same period/subject the would recommend?

I’m sure these questions are answered in the book but I’ve just missed it - sorry if so.

2 Answers 2019-01-18

How did one hundreds of years ago ask a question about a subject they were involved in, if they were never allowed to ask?

Perhaps this knowledge will help us understand how we can ask the moderators questions here regarding subreddit rules without the post being deleted.

Anyone know how people hundreds of years ago were able to inquire on something they participated in with a group discussion, when not allowed to ask?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

How did American and other Western tanks of the Cold War, in, say, 1985, compare to their Soviet counterparts?

Although I enjoy looking at statistics and characteristics on my own relating to this subject, I'm never quite sure who to believe. Some sources say that T-80BVs and such were on par with, if not superior to, say, the M1 Abrams, but others say that Soviet tanks were utter garbage. Which side of this is the truth? Is it somewhere in the middle?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

What prevented natives in the Western Hemisphere (specifically tribes in North America) from becoming sprawling civilizations like the east?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Subway fallout shelters?

In the "Metro" series of novels by Dmitry Glukhovsky, the vast majority of human survivors of a nuclear apocalypse take shelter in the Moscow metro tunnels. Was this kind of measure ever floated either in the US or USSR as a credible method of surviving a nuclear strike?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Nixon resigned in 1974. How did his resignation not hurt the Republican Party’s image and prospects enough that Reagan could be elected just 6 years later?

Did the public not blame the greater Republican Party for Nixon? Was Reagan and his wing of the party able to distance themselves enough from Nixon? Or was Jimmy Carter that ineffective of a president?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

What was the wage level of the crew during the age of exploration(15th~16th)?

Hi. I am interested in the life of the crew in the age of exploration. Search results, i know what they ate, where they slept, what possessions they had, what they did, but they do not know how much they got wage.

I would like to know the average wages of (hired) captain , first mate, second mate, boatswain, carpenters, navy, skilled crew, normal crew and etc.

I understand that crews received wages at the end of the voyage, and others have received week wages or month wages.

Of course, I understand that there will be a change in wages depending on the situation of the country and the times...

I am satisfied with the approximate information.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

How much of a part did economics play in the fall of the Western Roman Empire?

I have been reading about the fall of Rome and from my understanding monetary policy was actually quite good after the reign of Diocletian but the other policy put in place by Diocletian were quite draconian and strangled to economy and this only grew as the empire requires more taxes from less people as it collapsed. Is this a reasonable understanding?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

As far as I know, Mikhail Kalinin is the only politician or general older than Stalin to survive his purge. Did anyone else older than Stalin survive the Great Purge? Was of age and seniority ever of context in examining who was targeted?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Did Captain Ross, Ernest Shackleton or their men undergo any training before attempting polar exploration?

I can't find the exact figure but Captain Ross route was something like four months, 1,800 miles (2,900 kilometers) on foot while also pulling very heavy loads and in some cases with barely any food.

By training I mean physical exercise like I would expect marching, and hiking before the voyage, calisthenics during the voyage and practice marches to take place before any major outing on the ice. But other than casual football games I haven't read much about any regimented/organised exercise sessions.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Why was Israel created after WW2 instead of asylum or citizenship in Allied nations - or did it somehow already exist in the same location?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Help with picking weapon for my painting

Hi, i want to make some acurate painting, but dont know much about historical facts. I need some kind of spear/pike/poleaxe or halberd, which was used in late medieval-renesance time by commoners->not experienced warriors, who dont have been thrue big training. It dont have to be specialized for big battles, but more for smaller brawls or 1vs1or2, something like for bridge guardian. Oponents will NOT have plate armor, so i dont need something specialized for plate breaking. Thanks for answers.

4 Answers 2019-01-18

Friday Free-for-All | January 18, 2019

Previously

Today:

You know the drill: this is the thread for all your history-related outpourings that are not necessarily questions. Minor questions that you feel don't need or merit their own threads are welcome too. Discovered a great new book, documentary, article or blog? Has your Ph.D. application been successful? Have you made an archaeological discovery in your back yard? Did you find an anecdote about the Doge of Venice telling a joke to Michel Foucault? Tell us all about it.

As usual, moderation in this thread will be relatively non-existent -- jokes, anecdotes and light-hearted banter are welcome.

7 Answers 2019-01-18

AskHistorians Podcast 128 -- AskHistorians Asking Historians At the American Historical Association

Episode 128 is up!

The AskHistorians Podcast is a project that highlights the users and answers that have helped make r/AskHistorians one of the largest history discussion forums on the internet. You can subscribe to us via iTunes, Stitcher, or RSS, and now on YouTube and Google Play. You can also catch the latest episodes on SoundCloud and Pandora. If there is another index you'd like the cast listed on, let me know!

This Episode: Today we are joined by a number of historians at the recent American Historical Society Conference in Chicago. First up, we have our very own Corey Bowen, aka /u/Commodorecoco, a PhD student at UIC and the Field Museum, and an archaeologist in his own right!

Then it is Eric G.E. Zuelow is chair of the Department of History and Philosophy and an associate professor of European history. He specializes in modern Britain and Ireland, with a particular emphasis on the histories of tourism and national identity. Zuelow is author of SO MANY BOOKS and editor-in-chief of Journal of Tourism History which is published three times per year by Routledge. Zuelow is editor of the Histories and Cultures of Tourism book series, published by Cornell University Press and he is a member of the editorial board for the Britain and the World book series which is published by Palgrave; he deals with titles covering the period after 1688. In addition, he is currently co-editing the Oxford Handbook to the History of Tourism and Travel. He is on twitter at @EZuelow.

After that we have Amy-Elizabeth Manlapas a high school history teacher, podcaster and consultant She says talked with writers about what high school is like in the 21st century, how dual-enrollment works, and how a kid might just get away with hiding a secret identity. She has a Master’s Degree in History from Georgia State University, and a Bachelor’s Degree in History from Mercer University. She is on twitter at @amymanlapas

Finally, we have Jason Herbert!. He is a historian interested in the relationships between Southeastern American Indians, Europeans, and Africans in the 18th and early 19th centuries. His dissertation examines the social, political, demographic, and ecological transformation of Florida following the introduction of livestock in the sixteenth century through the expulsion of much the region's native inhabitants in the nineteenth century. In addition, He is the creator of Historians At The Movies, a multimedia experience that connects historians and others each week via their favorite films. You can find him on twitter at @herberthistory or look for the hashtag #HATM.

Questions? Comments?

If you want more specific recommendations for sources or have any follow-up questions, feel free to ask them here! Also feel free to leave any feedback on the format and so on.

If you like the podcast, please rate and review us on iTunes.

Thanks all!

Want to support the Podcast? Help keep history interesting through the AskHistorians Patreon.

2 Answers 2019-01-18

What are the most interesting scholarly debates in your academical field?

I'm interested in hearing which historical issues are most controversial/debated anno 2019. Thanks in advance.

1 Answers 2019-01-18

Why didn't the Russians attack the Bosphorus in WW1?

In 1915 France and Britain tried to force the Dardanelles. Why did Russia not use its Black Sea fleet to attack the Bosphorus at the same time? Surely a two-pronged assault would have been seen as the most effective way to break Turkish resistance?

1 Answers 2019-01-18

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