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I understand that most battles fought between armies using muskets back then would consist of lines of men firing them at eachother. After each shot, they have to raise their arm high in the air to reload, and they fired multiple times every battle (and also many times in practice). From what I've read, musketballs are similar in size and weight to a 12 gauge slug. Modern shooters using modern equipment and recoil suppression tech still suffer from shoulder bruising from prolonged firearm usage, I would assume the injuries only get worse as we look further and further back to when guns were literally miniature one-man cannons.

Edit: A quick side note: I feel as though the number of younger soldiers was much higher in the past as well, and I've seen videos of teens firing guns that knock them onto their butts. I assume this would factor into injuries as well.

I was looking to some ancient iberian texts and I found out that some runic letters like Othala, Eihwaz, Algiz, Teiwaz... were used by iberians. I always thought those runes were germanic, and maybe their presence would make sence in celtiberian texts, but not in iberian language that was supposed to be a language isolate. Is there any accepted explanation for this?

During an era of colonialism and with kingdoms like France with Colbert making protectionist laws, how did the other kingdoms keep up with the economic advantage that the countries with colonies (England, France, The Nederlands, Spain and Portugal) had?

I'm more asking about the medieval era, but spears were cheaper and easier to make, required less training to use in formation and to me seem to have significant advantages over swords.

So what function did they actually serve?

Were they a secondary weapon for nobles on horse back?

Where there ever large units of swordsmen, and if there were how effective were they?

Thanks for any responses

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I was on AskReddit and noticed that a lot of people talking about a lot of complications from giving birth, and I just couldn’t help to wonder, if giving childbirth is so difficult and painful for a woman nowadays, wouldn’t it basically be death for people who didn’t have the technology we had?

I’d be interested in answers from way back to even the 20th century if possible.

I can't seem to find records of any other German, Austrian, or Holy Roman Empress being referred to by their husband's name. What was different about Victoria?

Have there ever been accounts of crewmen ditching their tank for another one? For example, if a Sherman crew were to find an abandoned Tiger 1, would they be able to and willing to drive it?

Think great meeles battles like in rome and such, how did they differentiate from allie to enemy in the middle of battle?

Just a dumb question that popped in my head, thanks!

Did they have a natural immunity, or did the illness simply not take hold until they'd already infected travellers headed to Europe?

I was reading the wiki page on the Khmer Rouge, and it said the Rouge forced evacuation of the cities. Why did they do this?

Hi, I'm eighteen and I love history. What are some job opportunities with a history degree of any level?

So this is going to seem like a super weird question to a lot of people. After all we have both the Prose and Poetic Eddas, the Icelandic sagas and entire Wikipedia pages dedicated to the Norse religion. The thing is though that from what I've read the Norse texts we have reflect a period of intense Christianization which included the revision of old stories, the redaction of some and the complete fabrication of others.

The idea to ask for a clarification on what is known on the deities and stories of the Norse came about as a result of this and, whilst researching the history behind the most recent instalment of God of War, the discovery that there exist entirely different traditions in Danish texts.

So, yeah, I hope that's a good explanation of what I'm after and I look forward to reading your replies.

As early as 1904 Hanturo Nagaoka postulated a "Saturnian" model of the atom with flat rings of electrons around a positively charged nucleus, and in 1935 Hideki Yukawa published the theory of mesons which he got the nobel prize for. Similarly Shinichiro Tomonaga.

I largely think of theoretical physics as a European and American thing. How were the Japanese able to get access to scientific articles? Did they have university laboratories? Did the Japanese already have there own study of physics and mathematics before they became aware of the European one? How were japanese physicists received by the Europeans?

Recently in my us history class we were talking about immigration to the us and it’s effects on the economy and so on and so forth. I came across information suggesting that the famine was bad but that the British had caused it (not the fungus but by forcing them to live off potatoes) and could have intervened. I heard they sent back ship full of donated grain from Massachusetts and their excuse was it would interfere with trade. To what extent did the British cause and continue to cause Irish suffering and were the people of Great Britain complicit in this?

Have the West Coast of Sweden always been a thing? If so, how did they get it, when did it happen and why did they go after it? I am asking this question 'cause I can't really find that much information about it, and allmost all maps of the early Scandinavia that I could find shows Sweden with at least a tiny West Coast. However I have heard something else from a source that I can't remember.

Romeo and Juliet...

I've found some images of Capulet and Montague coats of arms/family crests. (I'd post images, but it's not allowed).

One example is derived from the Baz Luhrmann film which are crosses; one with a lion, the other with a bee.

Another is sort of clip art/ms paint looking, with a lion/feathers and wolf/roses, as well as some latin (I think, lol) text:

C=rex felium which might be 'king of cats', which at least makes sense

and M=rosa alieno nomine, which translate likes to say is 'pink alien appointment', which is obviously insane.

Others seem to be people's drawings and so forth. I know Shakespeare loved coats of arms and made one for his own family after his father's death.

Does anyone have any art/history knowledge as to the origin of this imagery?

I haven't read it in ages, are these created/mentioned in the play?

Lions, a wolf or a bee...did he have anything to do with these?

Where did this stuff come from?

Why is this information so hard to find?!

Thanks for any help!

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At that point in time the Qing Government was incredibly weak, couldn't France, the UK, Russia, Japan etc. just divide up China? Would the Chinese have been able to put up much of a fight?