Do we know approximately what percent of the US population supported the Marshall Plan when it was first introduced? And how did this percentage change over the following years, through the Plan and immediately after? Thank you.

During ww1 a strong anti-German sentiment grew in the US forcing the germans to assimilate. During ww2 Japanese Americans were forced into camps. How come none of this happened to the Italians?

Why did the Soviets recognize the Kuomintang (KMT) as the government of China instead of the Chinese Communist Party?

From what I understand, ceremonial magick in the late 19th/early 20th century was dominated by men - but contemporary witchcraft/Wicca seems to be very much dominated by women. How and why did this apparent shift in gender roles occur?

I have already searched for a while in support for a thesis, but I was not able to find any credible sources describing the education of languages in elementary school and high school in the province of Quebec (Canada) between 1918 and 1939. Was only French and English taught at school or also some other language? I am especially interested in knowing whether German was taught in some school, either forced for everybody or as an optional language.

Any source discussing the subject or tips on where I could find more information would be greatly appreciated.

I am looking for reading recommendations in preparation for a Nile River cruise. When I was younger, ancient Egypt fascinated me so I have a general background but want to be more knowledgeable on the history of the sites I will be visiting. Basically I don’t want to waste an opportunity visiting a place that has always been on my bucket list! I am looking for suggestions that are more scholarly than Wikipedia but perhaps not so dry as a college text book.

Here are a list of sites I will most likely be visiting: Egyptian Museum of Antiquities, Step Pyramid of Djoser, Giza Plateau and pyramids, Temple of Karnak, Necropolis of Thebes, Valley of the Kings, Tomb of Seti I, Temple of Hatshepsut, Colossi of Memnon, Temple of Luxor, Temple of Khnum, Temple of Horus, Philae Temple, Abu Simbel

I asked this a month ago and got the start of some interesting responses that didn’t make the cut. Here it goes again.

My understanding of Beowulf is that there is only a single surviving manuscript, the Nowell Codex, that we know of. It’s considered an incredibly important work. I understand that any modern critic could probably judge it in some way by an existing standard of what makes good literature. Other than that, how have historians determined it was actually a well-regarded piece of literature at its time and not just the equivalent of pulp fiction that just so happens was one of the only examples of Old English literature we could find?

Im interested in how you “prove” ancient literature was important to the culture then and thus still has relevance to us now. To put it another way: if hypothetically all our works of modern literature were destroyed in an apocalypse except for one Stephanie Myers novel that was discovered 1000 years later by historians with a now completely different context for how to judge art, how would they know it wasn’t a “classic”?

TLDR how do we know Beowulf wasn’t just the Twilight of its time

I’m watching Pirates of the Caribbean and there’s a naval battle and ship boarding. It occurred to me that with large long range guns like on battleships that naval engagements eventually got further and further away. And nowadays you probably don’t even visually see a ship you’re shooting at, let alone attempt to board it.

When was the last military conflict where opposing forces actually boarded each other and fought for control with small arms?

Thanks!

I'd love to have a clearer picture of what they were like. Any and all info greatly appreciated and gratefully received.

A few starter questions that come to mind include, but certainly aren't limited to, topics like, how big were families? Did they eat in restaurants? What were popular neighborhoods in which to live and to work? Was there a significant population of non-white middle class New Yorkers? What were typical jobs? Did women work? Did they have phones, servants, stabled horses? How frequently did they leave town? Did they own a lot of clothes or just a couple of outfits?

Really, any info and insight into those folks in that era would be fascinating.

What was his motivation or justification?

Sorry for the rough timeline, but I believe this was a long-standing practice in Chinese history so I'm trying to get an idea of specifics.

Reading about Chinese history, I have found that executions of entire clans were very common. For example, an Emperor or general would have someone executed on some pretext, along with generations of their family- basically, their entire clan. This seems to be more common than in Europe during the same time (though common during Rome).

This act, shocking and disturbing by modern standards, is glossed over in every history I've read. I'm trying to get a better understanding of what was actually occurring here than just numbers on a page. My question is, do we have information about what these executions were actually like? Were they solemn and respectful? Were they done as a group or individually? Were they ritualistic or bloody? Was cannibalism or torture used, or was it just a direct process? Or did it vary?

I know this is a weird question that covers a wide timeline, so thanks for any replies.

I've recently been reading about the Papacy during the pre-schism era and I'm getting confused on the exact status of the Pope during the Byzantine era. I know that there were five sees of the Byzantine Empire, and that Rome was one of them, but were all the other sees subordinate to Rome? Was the Pope just one of the patriarchs or was he recognized as superior to them? Then, during the East-West Schism, what was the status of the Pope to the Eastern Orthodox Churches? Did he just completely lose his relevance and was he seen as an antipope or an antichrist like Luther would later call him? And did the Popes still claim authority over those outside of the "Roman" Church?

​

Also, as a follow up question on the Eastern Churches, are the patriarchates all equal to each other? Do the Churches just follow the same beliefs but under different patriarchs who are all equal to one another? Or does the Patriarch of Constantinople or the Patriarch of Russia have a superior status?

As far as I can tell, Popper’s argument is that liberal democracies embody the ideal of an open society that allows for dissent while collectivist societies, both “tribal” and “modern,” lack the capability to advance empirical thought. This sounds suspiciously like Whig history and the kind of eurocentrism that scholars on this sub have led me to question, but I understand that Popper is one of the most revered philosophers in history. So what are historians’ view on Popper’s hypothetical open and closed societies?

Before the Industrial Revolution, clothing was extraordinarily expensive due to the sheer amount of labor involved, from prepping the fibers to spinning thread, weaving, and sewing-- when I was studying Bronze Age textiles, it was clear that it could take upwards of a year's worth of full-time work to go from raw materials to a finished set of clothes.

So, how did armies in pre-industrial societies manage to bear the high cost of producing and repairing clothes for all of their soldiers when many of those clothes would be damaged or destroyed every time there was a battle?

I never hear of this, so i'm presuming that after Rollo was made Duke, they pretty quickly 'became French', turning away from Paganism and embracing the French systems of feudalism, warfare etc. Was there much in the way of bonds in the latter years, migration from Norway, trade, hiring mercenaries and so on, or had they pretty much turned their back on their Nordic roots?

Just got back from seeing Mary Queen of Scots and was intrigued by the amount of POC actors cast to play members of the queens’ courts. This doesn’t seem historically accurate. Spanish or Portuguese would make sense but black or Asian baffles me.