What are the first incidents in written history when a European identified his race as being white and different from those in other continents?

I know that Romans had interactions with North Africans, but did they see themselves as being a white race in contrast to others who were not white? Did the Greeks distinguish themselves from any of their neighbours by skin colour?

I am going to go on a vacation of Italy and am hoping to see an old copy of Justinian's code. thanks in advance fellow historians :)

You often hear about how the USA managed to screw up with False Nuclear Alarms, and only a few weeks ago we got proof of that once again with the Hawaii incident. But did something like that ever happen in the USSR? Were these kinds of unfortunate mistakes just something that happened on both sides, or were the 'muricans just a bit sloppy?

To me it just seems maddening, that Jewish leaders would really think that they could win any revolt against Rome, especially after Rome's response to their first revolt. Was there anything happening in the rest of the Empire at the time that might have led them to think that their revolts had a prayer of success?

This common trope in American Westerns depicts a society where gun fights were common and killing an equally armed man was not immoral, as long as he was facing you. Is this artistic portrayal of American history based in any way on actual laws or customs?

And, what drove settlers to leave home and cross hundreds or thousands of miles of open water? Was ocean exploration a regular part of their culture, or driven by disaster?

I saw a discussion between two friends today about firearms history. One said you couldn't easily acquire a military grade weapon pre-WWII back then due to cost and manufacturing ability. The other claimed that you could get a military grade weapon because the military was using the same level of tech available to civilians.

Which claim is true?

My mother and I have received and are going through my Grandfather's military service records and learning quite a bit about Grandpa. One thing we're drawing a blank on and may have been involved with later diagnoses of Psychoneurosis was a friendly-fire incident that may have occurred in Caen about a month after Caen fell.

To our understanding an American heavy bomber squadron dropped their bombs on Caen and the 8th Canadian Infantry Brigade to which my Grandfather was attached in the support company. Where would I look to find any details on this incident? Everything in his personnel records has to do with his time outside of France and there is a gap between July 1944 and September 1944.

Thanks for any help you can provide!

Edit: Just want to throw this in here, my request has nothing to do with who bombed whom and I don't feel like getting my righteous rage on today. I'm just trying to find out what happened to dear old Grandpa.

So I’m looking to teach myself an ancient language, and would like to translate text that has yet to be translated yet. Are there any projects out there that need help?

In TV and film you usually see plantations with either 1-2 slaves or a couple of dozen at most. But did anyone ever keep 100s of slaves? I'm referring to slaves in the Western Hemisphere (US, Caribbean, Brazil, etc)

I took part in a discussion about the start of WW2, and some claimed that the war was inevitable, and that even without Hitler the Weimar government was secretly preparing for a new war with the help of the USSR, with which they've been secretly cooperating. The old Prussian elite was still prevalent in Weimar Germany, so them planning on a war to take vengeance on Germany's victors doesn't really seem so outlandish in my eyes.

So, is there any evidence that might point to plans/procedures for a new war before Hitler even took power?

Many thanks

What happened to the German princes after the fall of the HRE and later the unification of Germany?

Do they still hold some sort of influence today?

Especially databases that include the big papers such as the new york times etc. Reason: I'm researching how papers wrote about the Pentagon papers and the reaction of US citizens. Thanks in advance!

I am thinking about the impact of the Samurai on modern Japan, as they were the ruling class for over 700 years. I can imagine that this is a pretty complex question but I dont want to focus on just one part of it (economy, military, bushido etc.). Nitobe talks a little bit about this in "Bushido - The soul of Japan" but other then that, I could not find any other books/documents thet really cover this topic, so book recommendations are very welcome!