Talking about relatively small settlements and wooden palisades.. what would it take to break the defenses and how were this structures defended.

Cheers and thanks!

What did the "no" campaigners say would be the negative consequences of a "yes" result? How did they appeal to the Australian people? I'm guessing overt racism would have been an ineffective campaign tactic.

Was there an "Aboriginals are still people, just a different kind of people that should have a separate form of recognition" vibe to what they were saying?

Even if he won at Waterloo? Compared to the armies he had in the past he didn't really have THAT many men, and there were enemies gathering on all borders. Also, what was it that made people so devoted to him? I would think he would've lost all confidence when he led so many men to their deaths in the epic fail that was invading Russia in the middle of summer and then having to come back when it was freezing.

Also, why did almost all Austrians and Prussians survive the invasion of Russia, but the vast majority of French died?

I also saw some show re-enacting Waterloo. Was it common for Imperial Guard soldiers to wear earrings, or is it just because they have weird guys doing these scenes?

Cock meant chicken, but now means penis. Why such a dramatic change?

It’s hard to word this in a good way. After 1066, England’s ruling system became completely Norman. Is there a point in which England broke away from this at some way, or evolved to be more than just some Norman vassal?

I can think of no non anachronistic reason to outlaw dueling. So why did Western countries outlaw the practice in the first place?

No offense to people who say that. Saving Private Ryan brought me to Stephen Ambrose to Charles Mann to David Nye and Karen Ordahl Kupperman.

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Did they plant diverse crops that could grow in a variety of conditions?

Did they store food long-term in granaries?

Did they preserve food (for long-term storage in case of famine, as opposed to just transport and trade)?

I'm especially interested in the 11th century or earlier, especially in colder or Northern climates.

A quick google tells me that before pumpkins, turnips (and other beets) were (apparently) carved in Ireland (mostly) but also parts of England, for Halloween / All Hallows eve / Samhain celebrations. What I can't find is reliable information on how, or where, or when, this practice originated. So thats my question: When/where, and if possible why, did this practice start?

What are the ethnic compositions of Bosnia especially the isolated mountainous central areas, do they have significant illyrian or mixed Illyro-Slav ancestry, and are there any Germanic (Gothic) genes?

Also are they one of the oldest european populations along with the Sardinians, being one of the first Europeans?

Theoretically speaking, maps of the world could point in any direction - there's no specific reason why "towards the North Pole" should be our defining orientation. Even if you add in the discovery of magnets, there's still 4 directions that you could define as being "up" (perpendicular to the magnetic lines, and opposite orientations.)

My question is, why did we pick what we did? Was it just a random choice that we stuck to, or were there more guiding reasons that lead to North being North, and not anything else? What was the thought process of those who were first making maps of the world?