I know they didn't use the Gregorian Instead they used the Julian calendar from where did the Romans measure years from?

For example: we say now that Caesar was born on July 13 100 BCE and was killed in 44 BCE. According to Caesar what year would he have been born in?

They were specifically targeted over the course of United States history, why was it never ruled genocide by the international community? Sure most of it happened before the term was coined, but so did the Armenian genocide.

Or did it change? Was there rationing? Changes in internal security policy? Public support for accommodation/collaboration with one side or the other and domestic policies passed to reflect that? Movements to shelter Jews/others persecuted by the Germans? Were there people/groups who didn't care there was a war going on at all?

I'm currently researching resistance groups which saved the lives of Jewish children in Holland for a university project.

I'm particularly interested in the Utrecht Children's Committee and the Amsterdam Student's Group but I haven't found much information that I've found useful.

Any links to primary sources such as interviews or first person accounts would be greatly appreciated, as well as book/website recommendations.

Or it did, but at which level ? (Art, politics, philosophy...)

Most countries in Latin America idolise him as a founding father, yet most of these countries were granted independence not from Spain, but from a greater Latin America. What went so wrong for him?

For instance.. we should avoid saying "England felt bad after the conflict..." because England cannot have feelings

Is the right or am I overthinking it?

It was only 35-40 years after Jesus' death that the Second Temple was destroyed. Was Christianity popular enough at the time to draw religious parallels? Did people view the destruction symbolic that Christianity had overtaken Judaism? At what point did a majority of ethnic Jews convert? Why was Christianity so enticing to the Hellenized population?

Before Disney options a papal origin story I was hoping to hear it here first.

Edit: For clarification, I'm talking about the mitre (what a Google image search for 'pope hat' overwhelmingly returns), but the genesis of additional headgear is not unwelcome. Also, I've read the Wikipedia entry. Was hoping for a little more. Thanks.

Hello r/askhistorians! I'm looking for help for a research project and was hoping you guys can help point me in the right direction for research. I'm currently looking for books or articles that explain and identify the beginning of the modern state within Renaissance era. I'm aware of the Treaty of Westphalia but I'm looking for more information retaining to the actual establishment of a state .

I was reading up on the Moscow trials and the Great Purges on Wikipedia and it seems the all of the members of the early era of the soviet communist party were eliminiated by Stalin. However these two survived. I first thought that it might be, because they also took had their part in the great purges but seeing that this did not protect for example Genrikh Yagoda I was wondering what it was that kept them out of Stalins crosshair.

From books, movies and other media, it almost looks like if you lived in the medieval period, you'd get either tortured or killed in most violent ways if you made one mistake or made one powerful enemy. It almost looks like ISIS ruled the whole world during that period. But why? Why was this period extraordinarily violent and bloody? Here I'm not even talking about wars or rebellions. I'm talking about torture, executions and all that evil stuff that happened to regular people on their day-to-day lives.

I also have a follow up question: what exactly caused people to change their ways? It looks like progress happened so fast after medieval times.

How did each country trade currencies properly?

For example, the Japanese and the Dutch started trading 400 years ago--I'm aware they exchanged objects other than (most of the time?) actual currency but how did they handle using actual currency when trading with foreign countries?

North Africa had long been a part of the Roman Empire, and there were even Roman emperors who came from North Africa. It had also been a Christian land before the mohammedan invasion. So why did the Spanish stop after taking back Granada?

What if America had not been discovered? Would the Spanish have redirected their resources towards taking back the Mediterranean Basin? Would they have been successful?

Where would they be confronted with snow and ice, what did they call it and what did they think about it?

This is the definition presented by Douglas Sanders in his article "Indigenous peoples: Issues of definition" in the International Journal of Cultural Property: "those ethnic groups that were indigenous to a territory prior to being incorporated into a national state, and who are politically and culturally separate from the majority ethnic identity of the state that they are a part of"

Based off of this definition, would the Boer ethnic group of South Africa be considered an indigenous people? They have been there for multiple generations (~300 years), were culturally, linguistically, and ethnically distinct from invading British and other indigenous groups in the area, were displaced and marginalized by the conquering British, and are still considered a minority group.

I personally don't think that the definition of indigenous necessitates a group's following of primitive traditional practices (many indigenous people have come in contact with and use upgraded technology over the centuries) or a group's "whiteness" (the Basque and Saami people are both regarded as European indigenous groups)