Was this radicalization inevitable for the revolution to survive? I have been reading Burke's opinions, Mignet (liberal), Michelet (romantic), Aulard (political vision), Marxist, revisionist views ... And I'm made a mess. Which is the correct? Are they all in one way or another? Sorry if there are mistakes, english is not my first language.

From tropes such as ''German Efficiency'' that is often used in jokes and puns to the serious trope that Nazi Germany was an efficient state apparatus. Something that in many discussions is being plucked out as a part of the Nazi state that is to be admired.

I too held this idea for a long time that ''regardless of the brutality of the Nazi state, it sure was efficient.'' And it had and has real effects as many talk about the want for such state efficiency. However further reading on the inner workings on Nazi Germany one (in what I have read) finds horrible inefficiencies everywhere. From the political infighting, the mismash cooperation between the companies and the state, the bureaucratic mess and the fact how weak the dictatorial system where important decisions have to wait because Hitler is asleep to take a humorous example.

Yet people, me included, did and does still have this strong idea that there were ''something'' efficient about the nazi state, why is this?

• Where does the myth of Nazi German efficiency come from?
• How did it perpetuate?
• How does the trope of German efficiency in general tie in? Was it a trope before Nazi germany, or a modern trope?

Edit: fantastic replies! To answer those who pointed out what I meant with efficiency. My question was focused on Germany but can be broadened into two categories:

• Cultural historic question:

This stems from a recently read book I don't remember the title of that talked at length about the weaknesses of the Nazi-German state apparatus.

This sparked the interest into how the "german efficiency" trope as seen in memes or jokes, was seen through history. What perpetuated it, how has it evolved, people still talk about Mussolini made the train go on time, but democratic governments did this aswell, yet that efficient dictator trope about the trains remain strong.

How and why?

• Paulonium1 gave a great response to this both on Germany's effort but also gave insight into the worlds reaction.

• Organizational question:

Prussia/nazi-Germany had many historic tradition tied to efficient administration per example EntertainmentGuy and many others gave.

But also we can ask why does the idea of dictatorial state efficiency (where efficiency here remains a general term) remain so strong.

is the critique of the dictatorial states efficiency (where here efficiency is more about economics and bureaucracy) only a contemporary thing? and thus not general knowledge.

If so why did it take so long for nazi Germany to be critiqued when it was etichally critiqued from the start of 1945. Or to better put it: "What did the world around nazi Germany react to the miracle recovery out of an economic/administration view. Did they send observers/try to emulate Germany? Or were there even then critique of Germany's "revival" ?

Do I need a permit?

What if it was 1976?

And finally - what if they lived in a closed city such as Seversk?

I can find some information online regarding signing in Europe, but nothing on Asian sign history. I tried to ask r/askscience but to no avail. Anyone here with more knowledge? Thanks in advance for all replies! :)

I know that by the middle of the following century there was all out conflict, but what was life like in the decades before this point? Did the average person have much to fear from the VOC/Dutch, or were their actions more directed toward political entities?

edit: I'm an idiot and actually meant the 1600s, not the 15th century. Numbers are hard.

I'm sorry if the question isn't specific enough to meet with the subreddit rules, I wasn't sure who else to ask.

I have several Chinese friends, and I lament that I have absolutely no real understanding of their history. I have a basic grasp of the geography, have read Sun Tzu, but I have no idea about the actual culture, tradition, politics and internally important people.

I'd love to read a couple of "summary" books to get me started. Things that discuss neolithic China and early Chinese history through to stuff that discusses the layout of Chinese government, Taiwan and so on.

For example, say there's a user who claims to be an expert in, idk, the history of Kiribati in the 18th century. He makes posts that seem believable to non-experts, even though they're all actually made up with some verifiable facts here and there. When asked for sources, he cites Kiribatian sources, English-language academic sources without previews on Google Books so the mods can't check whether his claims are actually supported by the text, or sources the verifiable claims he puts as a red herring.

He makes five posts like these and applies for flair. How do you prevent users like these from gaming the system?

It goes: When the Arabs met Europeans, they were really grossed out because they would wash their face in a bowl, rinse their mouth, and spit in it, then hand it to the next guy to do the same. Was wondering if someone could confirm/deny this, but if you confirm it, are there any other accounts along with this one? Thank ya so much.

As a tertiary source Wikipedia is notoriously unreliable. However real experts could shore up their particular specialties and reach an audience /r/AskHistorians could not hope to achieve. Does this community embrace this?

My grandparents were Russians from Harbin who were evacuated from Shanghai to Australia. My grandfather was born there to refugees from the civil war, and my grandmother's parents took her to China as a young girl.

They died when I was very young, since I'm the youngest child of their youngest child and I therefore never got to ask them questions about what life was like for Russians in China and my relatives don't have much information either. All I know is that their house was filled with Chinese trinkets and my grandfather felt more at home on holidays in Hong Kong (which was a British colony for most of his life) then he did in the mainstream culture of Australia.

Is there any good information in the life of Russians in China, particularly in Shanghai and Harbin and I am more interested in what it was like for white (anti-Soviet, mainly ethnic Russians and Ukrainians) emigrants as opposed to the Jews of Shanghai which is what most of the information online is.

Primary sources like autobiographies as well as pieces from contemporary media would be specifically appreciated but any kind of detailed info on the topic would be great as well!

In my own field of study, I see Elizabethan authors such as Smythe and Silver seeming to argue in favor of 'native' or 'ancestral' 'English' methods of fighting - the longbow and sword and buckler, for instance. Did this sentiment reflect a rising English nationalism or sense of 'English-ness'? I know about of the popular reputation of the History Plays of Shakespeare as nationalistic, and some of the pop history around Elizabeth, but to what extent is that reality and to what extent is that an anachronism?

From everything I've read Norway was a harsh place to live and was extremely rural. I would also assume they had less access to technology related to infrastructure unlike a former Roman colony, yet the Vikings were somehow able to have the time and resources to build ships that could carry enough men well trained and equipped enough to raid, and eventually to invade and conquer a significant portion of the land.

Given my impression of technology and level of development between the Isles and Scandinavia at the time it seems bizarre, like if today suddenly ISIS started building destroyers and successfully raiding Washington DC.

Hello friends, not from around here. My grandfather came to me with the entire series of The Literary Digest - History of the World War and wanted to know how much its worth. He has the entire series and would like to figure out the best method of selling it. While they look a little rustic, the pages are crisp and clean. If it's not worth much, then where would it find the best home?

Hey folks,

Nuremberg buffs, I am looking at you here. I participated in a grueling mock Nuremberg trial for my high school. It was very serious and took place in the actual cook country courthouse. Lots of people attended and my school is infamous for hosting it. The whole class I took was solely based on the mock trial. I was defendant Karl Doenitz. The trial itself was around 2 hours long, but the work up to that point totaled around 30 hours. Here is a synopsis of what happened during that trial. A day or so before the trial, the justices on my case ruled that the argument of tu quoque was invalid (I knew this was going to happen, I prepared my case with my defense attorney around that happening). Where they really caught me with my pants down, was when they ruled necessity of war invalid. If you know Doenitz, you know without those you are screwed. I believe, along with most people, that the justices decision not to allow necessity of war under any circumstances is wrong. So, even though my defense attorney and I had a great trial, I was sentenced to life in prison without parole because our whole argument was invalid. The sad part is the prosecution did an awful job, but they still managed to get lucky because of the justices pre-trial ruling (even they have admitted this). The justices stated that if they had allowed necessity of war, I would have received a five-year prison sentence. Needless to say, I was infuriated with the IMT. Here is where So, a day later, I submitted a formal proposal to my teacher to have another trial, with the same justices. You are thinking that you cannot request to have another trial about the same case. Well, this trial I requested is not about Admiral Doenitz. It is about Chester Nimitz. Since the IMT decided that necessity of war is invalid, that means Chester Nimitz can be tried. So, after an hour or so of discussing, my teacher agreed. This trial will only be 30 minutes or so and less work. And this is where I need your help. Guess who is the lead prosecutor? It is me.

So, on to my question...

Where do I start? Where do I find evidence about the crimes Nimitz committed? What should my general argument be to get him hung? Is it realistic to get him hung? What should my argument be based around? I need all the information you have. I would like to let you know this is a serious trial

Thank you very much.

Edit: spelling, grammer, minor stuff.