Several famous scientists and philosopher (Avicenna, Al Razi, Al Biruni etc.) are said to be muslims. However, some historians and scholars claim that these scientific accomplishments were solely possible due to the tolerant Abassid caliphs, who have not aligned their regime to Sharia yet.

• Has "Islam", as we know it today, just not accelerated enough back then but eventually ended in a "decline" since 1200 AD?

• Are the scientific achievements accountable to Islam or the occupied culture?

• Has religion in general been an obstacle for science or are there any examples in history, which show that religion might foster science?

In the Talmud, education in Hebrew is very strongly encouraged, as is the public reading of sacred texts. Were Jews in Judaea substantially more literate than other Roman communities?

So I was watching a YouTube video, I believe it was one by Lindybeige? Might have been someone different - but either way the claim was given that a castle where court was not being held would generally only have 5-10 people garrisoning it at any given time, while even when court was being held the total population wouldn't exceed about 50.

Is there any truth to these claims, or would castles have much larger garrisons/populations at any given time than this?

Specifically, I'm referring to the Age of Exploration in which European countries started to become establish colonies and become worldwide empires around the 15th-18th centuries. Did any European power ever try to take over Japan? If not, why didn't anyone try?

[deleted]

Ik they're named for Byzantium on which Constantinople was built, but what did they call themselves?

I don't know how "founding fathers" usually gets defined... members of the Continental Congress? Signers of the Declaration of Independence? I also realize that religiosity is a complicated beast, too--behavioral religiosity? Acceptance of values? Personal belief?--but I'm hoping someone somewhere has taken the plunge, operationally defined these things, and tried to inform this question.

I guess my overall question is: was the USA founded by people who were more religious than, less religious than, or about as religious as other Americans at the time?

Gangs Of New York

I enjoy reading about European and Middle-eastern castles and siegecraft but most of my research I have yet to stumble across a good definitive look at the defenses of ancient cities?

How were the walls of Greek and Roman cities laid out? Were there actually fortified castles as such, or other major fortifications? What about in Phoenician or Persian areas?

Thank you in advance

i'm writing a paper on the Mongolian Empire and i was wondering if they were the only ones to successfully invade russia?

After having crippled the Luftwaffe over Southern England, could Britain still have been starved into submission by the German Navy/Airforce, or did they become self sufficient by this time? (In terms of food, mostly.)

For example, after the death of Karloman, Karl inherited Middle Francia and it directly joined his empire, but Brandenburg was in personal union with Prussia after the Prussian duke died. What is the difference that causes a realm to be integrated upon foreign leadership versus a realm keeping its own laws?

Nowadays, it seems like people want to locate in more temperate, coastal regions like California, Texas, and Florida.

I'm fascinated that they were able to achieve such maritime achievements thousands of years before the discovery of the New World.

Why didn't Hitler ask them to do this, to help them?

Were those islands really that important?

Would the US have joined to WW2 if Japan hadn't attacked?

[deleted]

And please point me to some good sources on this.

Edit: It looks like this got flagged for Visual Art. I meant artists of all mediums (music, dance, visual, etc.) But if that is too broad, please give me the answer for musicians. I messed up the post title too. Sorry. I originally wrote it for "a musician," and added artists, and forgot to delete the a...

Edit 2: This question is extraordinarily broad. But if it helps, I'm primarily interested in the economic situation and daily life of musicians/artists, and any hierarchy that may exist from hobbyists to famous musicians/artists (which ones were paid for their work full time, if any?).

I am writing a paper examining the relationship between war and genocide. I am going to be focusing on first the definition both UN and other scholars definitions of it (i.e. Lemkin, Chalk and Jonassohn, and even the UN's definition) however I first need to know about any wars that could have ended in potential genocides. I am going to start in Ancient warfare and a few notable examples I have thus far are the Athens destruction of Melos, the Spartans to the Trojans, The battle of Carthage.

However I am reminded that genocide wasn't common practice in Ancient times because slavery and colonization were more practice but it was used as more of a display of power, I am hoping this does not speak for a majority of battles/wars.

Essentially what I need is a database or other post pointing me in the right direction of (important/worth mentioning) wars that ended in Genocide. Any form of genocide as well, (i.e Physical, Cultural, Biological,) but the important thing is that a war or battle was fought.

I AM NOT QUESTIONING WHETHER THE HOLOCAUST HAPPENED OR NOT!!! It happened, one of the worst moments in human history.

I just want to know how we got this figure! What was the methodology?