What was Cardinal Richelieu's impact on the state of France in the early-modern period.

1 Answers 2016-02-18

When did it become customary to drink wine from stemware?

Wine has been around for thousands of years - long before the technology to manufacture stemware. My impression from ancient and medieval artwork is that wine used to be consumed from cups or horns (speaking of which, in medieval Europe, did the host provide the cups, or were the guests expected to bring their own, as with cutlery?) When did it become customary to start drinking wine from glass stemware? And at what point did it become customary to have different shapes of stemware for different kinds of wine?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Gym rat here. How ripped did ancient Greeks get?

I know they had gyms and that's where we get the word. I have no idea what was inside the gym. Do we have a pretty good idea of what exercises they were doing? Obviously they would practice wrestling, running, and other Olympic sports. But did they have free weights, bench, squat, or kettlebells? They must have been pretty fit for artists to be able to so accurately depict muscle symmetry. Pictures of what their physique probably looked like would be awesome!

2 Answers 2016-02-18

I am a slave in South Carolina. It is the first day after slavery is outlawed by amendment to the Constitution. Where do I go? Do I have money? Is my owner mandated to provide any type of assistance?

I'm just curious how former slaves didn't just send up living on the streets.

1 Answers 2016-02-18

How was the Holocaust taught and understood in East Germany vs West Germany?

Immediately following the Holocaust, the state of Germany was divided into two competing states, with two competing powers and ideologies. In these ideologies the morals and beliefs that they hold differ, and I can imagine they effected the policies crafted surrounding the remembrance of the Holocaust, the cultural conclusions the two states came to, and how it was taught. How did these two nations reconcile their recent past with their present constructions? What were the major differences?

2 Answers 2016-02-18

It seems to me that there is only very limited historical documentation of LGBT people prior in preindustrial societies, is this because the concepts of sex and gender were viewed differently or that most who might have identified as such were closeted due to rampant societal discrimination?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

How effective were Korean Turtle Ships during the Japanese invasion of Korea (1592-8), and what was the Japanese reaction?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Was there any rhyme or reason to which particular "side" (eg. East, West, North, South, etc...) of an American city became associated with mainly African-American neighborhoods?

This question inspired by this absolutely amazing map:

http://demographics.coopercenter.org/DotMap/

2 Answers 2016-02-18

When Pope Francis was asked whether the Zika outbreak justifies contraceptive use, he mentioned that Paul VI had allowed nuns in the Belgian Congo to use contraceptives in case they were raped (1960s). Who were these nuns? What was going on in the Congo?

An article in today's Wall Street Journal. And what the Pope actually said:

Paul VI, a great man, in a difficult situation in Africa, permitted nuns to use contraceptives in cases of rape.

Edit: A great set of responses so far! Here's the rundown:

7 Answers 2016-02-18

Mussolini thought many societal ills in Italy were caused by pasta and so championed rice instead, even pushing a National Risotto Day. Is this a well liked Italian legend, or is it based in reality?

I spend quite a lot of time in Italy, especially Sicily, and love cooking there. I heard that Mussolini thought pasta made his country lethargic, nostalgic and resistant to modernity. I've also heard tell of a fascist sponsored drive to convert to risotto. Is this true? Cheers!

2 Answers 2016-02-18

Are there any hints of the "Evil Germany" of WW2 in the Germany of WW1?

Sorry for that terrible question, but I'm wondering if the German army of WW1 had any proto-characteristics--so to speak--of the "evil Germany" that shows up in WW2. For example:

  1. Are there any racial motivations to how some enemies or civilian populations were handled?
  2. Was the treatment of certain POWs, like the Russians, as horrible as it was in WW2?
  3. Are there any civilian horror stories like we have from WW2? For example, there's an event/anecdote about a German commander in WW2 who has his soldiers bludgeon hundreds of young French school children to death.

3 Answers 2016-02-18

What did the Vatican do during World War II?

I'm assuming during the latter part of the war while the allies were going through Italy they went through Rome? I know the Vatican is a sovereign state but was it a neutral country and just not affected during the war?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

What early tools or instruments were used to observe and measure our environment?

I'm not sure if this is the right sub or not, but I recently came across a tool called a Cyanometer which was used approximately 250 years ago to measure the blueness of the sky. I was wondering if you guys know of any other early instruments that were used to better understand or observe our environment like this one?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

What you know about Veve?

I've been doing some reading about New Orlean's voodoo, but they don't seem to touch very much on Veve and it's symbolism. I was wondering if anybody has any more information about these? I am fascinated by their beauty and would love to know more about them.

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Why is the myth that conscripted make up the bulk of medieval armies so prevalent?

Am I allowed to ask this? I just saw a thread in another sub where the highest rated comment is that peasant soldiers were the bulk of the medieval army. Why is this myth still being perpetuated?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Why did nationalist violence break out so soon after the fall of Tito's Yugoslavia?

What did he do right in terms of stability? What did his successors do wrong?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

When did the public school systems in Northern cities (i.e. Boston, New York, or Philadelphia) desegregate? Did smaller, multiracial towns tend to institute integration policies before or after their nearby major metropolises?

We all know about Brown v. Board of Education, the Little Rock Nine, etc. However, I've long been curious about the pace of integration in the North. My white mother was good friends with a black classmate in Junior High School in 1961, but she can't remember if she had any black classmates before that in elementary school. The Internet is surprisingly unhelpful, even for major cities.

2 Answers 2016-02-18

How prevalent of a problem was suicide for World War I veterans after the war?

I have recently taken an interest into the first World War I and its aftermath, and this one question I have yet to find a definitive answer for. I am aware of the various psychological problems and other health problems that soldiers returning home faced, but I have yet to find anything about suicide. This question is open to really any country that participated, but I am mostly interested in Britain.

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Looking for a good history of the 20th century that would cover events that have been whitewashed by my American schooling.

After Kissinger was brought up in debate, and seeing him mentioned so frequently on reddit now, I realize there's probably a lot of modern history that I don't know about very well for various reasons. What are some of the most egregious examples of this and what book(s) should I read to get outside this bubble?

2 Answers 2016-02-18

What drove the German navy (Kaiserliche Marine) to compete with the British Navy (Royal Navy)?

One of the focal points for the start of World War 1 was the amount of military build ups that were going on around the world. Aside from the US (who only had a military for defending their own interests), most of the great powers have built up their forces to fend off a potential attack. This was no exception to Germany, a relatively new nation in Europe, only close to 30 years old when the 20th century dawned.

In geographical terms, Germany was smaller than the British, and aside from their pivotal position in Europe (bordered France and Russia, two foes that Germany didn't want to have to fight simultaneously, Austria-Hungary (which wasn't on good terms with the Germans for a while), and the neutral Low Countries and Denmark (with slightly good relations with the British), they could dominate in a potential land war due to the high focus in land warfare (complications would rise with a war between Russia and France), but not sea warfare with the British. German Empire in 1914 , shows that they had their colonies in Africa to protect, Chinese concessions, the Pacific Islands, and Kaiser-Wilhelms-Land, much smaller than the French colonial Empire (huge swath of NW Africa, Madagascar, Indochina, Caribbean islands, Chinese concessions, and Pacific Islands), so it can rival them and Russia (confined to the northern corner of the world), but couldn't compete with the British empire, who had a considerable territory in every continent as of 1907 as well as loyal Dominions in Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, Newfoundland & Labrador, which pre-1914, they also had to be protected by the British due to their low military forces.

I did read beforehand that the German's foreign policy around 1900 or so was to befriend the British and isolate France as much as possible. We all know how that worked out (Agadir crisis brought France and the UK, who were having warmer relations even closer to an alliance, France and Russia saw Germany as a threat, even with their land forces buildup and alliance ties with Italy and Austria-Hungary, so they became closer. Even Italy had second thoughts about allying with Germany and Austria-Hungary (which still wasn't happy that Venice/Venezia/Venedig was taken in the side war during the Austro-Prussian War, and the fervent Italian nationalism in the country), so they had friendlier ties with France and the UK just as an assurance.

Germany, a nation with a lesser geopolitical influence on the world during the early 20th century, was destined to compete with the British in terms of Naval domination, and with the naval plans and bills that were enacted, they wanted to have closer to 2/3rds of that strength, potentially harmful to the British Home Isles.

Why were the Germans compelled to compete with the UK for having a superior navy?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

How did American Political Language essentially become reversed in many cases

For example:

In most of the world, Red is the color used by left-wing parties and movements, while Blue is often the color of conservatives. In America red is typically identified with conservatism and the GOP, while blue is identified with progressives.

In the rest of the world, Liberal refers to typically conservative pro-business parties, while in America this is the opposite.

In the rest of the world, a Libertarian is essentially a Socialist or Anarchist, while In America, it refers to an ideology of pro-business and privatization.

How did this happen, and are such idiosyncratic politics common in other countries?

3 Answers 2016-02-18

Biblical scholars: How did ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church shape the definition (or creation?) of the Holy Trinity? Was this further augmented by the Protestant Reformation, or largely ignored?

I vaguely recall in college a Professor mentioning the concept of the Holy Trinity didn't even exist until it was created by the Catholic Church, however never saw a source to back that up and have always wondered how "true" it is.

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Who was the last US president to wear a beard in office?

[deleted]

1 Answers 2016-02-18

Did the Plague of Justinian kill more than the Black Death?

I was on Wikipedia and it said that the Plague of Justinian killed an initial 25 million, escalating to 50 million people after two centuries of recurrence. If the Plague of Justinian did kill this many people, why does nobody talk about it as much as the Black Death?

1 Answers 2016-02-18

What was Ireland like during the Roman occupation of England & Wales? (X-post r/IrishHistory)

What was the culture & religion like? What was the governing system like/how were places ruled? Just anything really, I can't seem to find much on this around the internet, other than something like 'there was trade between the Irish tribes & The Romans' or 'Ireland & Rome were on good relations'. I'm not interested in external diplomacy, just Irish affairs. If you know any resources or books on this subject, please tell me what they are. Thanks in advance.

1 Answers 2016-02-18

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