Perhaps it's only obvious in hindsight, but I'd think the Sultan had the means and the motive to contain or counter these early efforts at imperialism in order to protect his empire's role in international trade through the Silk Road.

Hello ! I was just wondering if western government felt like France has fallen to communism from the inside (since it appeared they were paranoid about communists hidden in government position). Thank you

(If you know where I can find originals newspaper...)

Hi There,

I'm doing research for a project and would like to create a hanging sign. Looking at the furniture etc from the tudor times 1500s they are made from oak and I'm under the impression that a hanging sign for a public drinking establishment (pub/tavern) would be made from wood as well...Maybe English Oak, and yet I've been hearing that it would be made out of metal?? I would love a historian to shine some light on this.

Thanks Everyone.

I remember hearing about a lot of Japanese soldiers stationed in Korea attempted to cross the 38th parallel to surrender to Americans rather than Russians or Chinese troops. Is this true?

I've always been fascinated by how huge of a role the U.S. plays in the world and how quickly they rose to prominence. However, when tracing the history of the U.S. I always get caught up right around WWII and the immediate years after. So much happens that I often feel that I'm missing something. I love how during that period you see the U.S. assuming a lot of the financial and military obligations of the British, essentially Britain saying "ok, you're the new western strongman, the British empire is over." (and yes I know the first world war was what sent the British empire into it's death spiral. It was just so final after WWII). New global economic systems like the BIS, world bank, etc really change the economic paradigm and the U.S. is just IN EVERY COUNTRY controlling things. I get tangled up and end up with a million tabs open trying to get an understanding about early modern global power dynamics.

So what I'm looking for would be anyone who has any recommended reading or a way to organize my research to learn more about the construction of our modern world which seems to have it's birth in a certain sense in the American post WWII systems of control. Also, I would love if any of the awesome historians on here could give me their own explanation of those times, but It's such a broad question I know it may be a pain in the ass.

I get sick thinking about how America was founded, and how the natives were treated, but with all the war and conquests and such, America's history isn't all that unique, is it? Were all "great" nations built on murder, rape, and slavery? My apologies if this is not the appropriate place for the question.

• Did the individual Imperial States each maintain a standing army?
• Did the States regularly go to war and fight battles against each other? What about against foreign powers such as France?

The line of "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness," which isn't completely true, has made me wonder what other white lies or exaggerations were hiding in the Declaration at the time it was written.

I can see many of the grievances being pretty true. Vetoing or neglecting to pass laws, neglecting to allow colonists to reelect officials, colonists not being able to try British soldiers in their own courts, etc.

But some seem maybe a little exaggerated:

-Preventing new citizens to come to the colonies ("...obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners...")

Did the colonies actually keep track of who was an illegal immigrant or not? Perhaps those who were obviously immigrants (non-white, non-English speakers) were singled out moreso. Does this line refer more to, say, a British official preventing a boat of immigrants from entering the colonies? They come all the way from a different country just to be told "No" when they make it ashore?

-Provoking Native Americans to attack colonists or colonists to fight among themselves ("...excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.")

How would Britain entice Native Americans to fight the colonists? Did the colonists provoke these attacks themselves and were just blaming Britain?

Why would the colonists fight among themselves, and if they were, why would Britain be at fault for that? OR am I misinterpreting the line of "excited domestic insurrections amongst us"? I'm assuming it means the British somehow enticed colonists to fight against other colonists.

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Was he lucky? Or was he just an awesome general? Also, how was we able to convince the king of France, to whom I believe he was a vassal, recognize his claim. What happened to the old Royal family after his conquest? Just who was this man and why was he so successful?

Why did a dominant portion of German society hate the jews so much during the early 20th century? Like specifically, not just because they were "scapegoated".

I'm under no illusions that tens of millions of people could be persuaded into a worldview like this without some serious convincing. Was it religious in origin perhaps? Or were there even some (gasp) real, sane, grievances? I'm sure that point would seem controversial to many, and may be entirely unfounded. But I am still curious. Just because the Jews suffered arguably the greatest atrocity in human history doesn't mean we shouldn't be proper historians.

What were the normal "dinner table" conversational talking points that would have come up regarding anti-semitism in Germany in the 20's/30's? Were there actual arguable reasons? Things you could point at with a straight face? This event or that event?

I'm vaguely aware of pogroms and such during the 19th century, anti-semitism in France etc. I guess just generally asking what the hell these people were thinking during this time... Although such a seething latent hatred doesn't surprise me given the bizarre cultural holdovers throughout history, it seems generally out of line with the peaceful idealism of the whole Belle Epoque.

Anyone care to shed a brighter light?

I was thinking about WWII, and I decided that if I had to go back in time and give Hitler one piece of advice, it would be not to start a war on the eastern front. But that got me thinking, was there any benefits to him going to war with The USSR that helped his efforts on the western fronts and semi-neglected the loss of manpower? Like, if Hitler ignored the east and focused on the west, do you think he could've won or at the very least faired better, or was there some resource in Russia that he wanted. Thanks!

P.S: I can already see it brewing in the comments, no I do not wish that the Germans won WWII, WWI maybe, but not WWII

I'm a history student, and one of my areas of interest is church history. For one of my classes, I'll be writing a paper on John Calvin—his history, his theology, etc. I have theological sources, but I realized I have next to nothing on Calvin himself. Any recommendations?

Incidentally, I prefer online papers or books I can get for cheap on Amazon if possible. Thank you for your time.

Hi everyone, I was hoping for some opinions and reviews on David Anthony's book named in the title. I'm sorry if something similar has already been asked. thanks

I'm not a holocaust denier, as I actually met one and have been to a few of the memorials. But I am curious, as I was talking with a few people the other day and they told me that there wasn't actually any evidence of gas chambers, and most were built after in 1947 to "remind" people of them but with little to no evidence of Germans purposely gassing Jews. Any evidence to counter this? Aside from Wiki I suppose.

From 1918 to 1979, about 68% of the teams that won the playoffs were Canadian. From 1980 to present, about 7 games were won by Canadian teams. Total.

Any sports historians out there know why this is the case?

It was always thought to me in school that after the American revolution, european empires didn't really see the United States as an ''equal'' (if anyone can correct me on this, please do!). I was wondering how did that perception evolved up to the Spain-American war, and did the defeat of Spain spark any peculiar reaction from Europeans at the time?

Also if anyone has any links to any further reading about the reputation/perception of the United States by the European Empires, please add them! I'd love to read more.

I hope the title was accurate enough; however, to clarify:

• Was there lobbying against fixing the ozone layer or ozone deniers in the 80's and 90's like there is today with global warming?

• Were any major corporations set on legislation for fear of their businesses shutting down, losing money, etc?

It seems quite unusual seeing how the indigenous groups living in Alaska and Pacific Northwest are some of the oldest of all the Americas.