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Why was large caliber so popular during the era of black powder muskets? I think rifled muskets were large caliber too... am I right?

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I've heard some people treat "Byzantine" like a pet peeve while others don't mind the distinction. Do most historians prefer one over another?

I know colonialism isn't the only reason for a country's success it just seems odd that there appears to be no rhyme or reason to a country's prosperity after colonialism. U.S shrugs off their collars early and is an industrial superpower. Canada does nothing and is a wealthy,industrialized nation. India has a revolt and the country is immediately de stabilized. Australia survives as a wealthy country while African colonies suffer from no government. What am i missing as a factor?

This is what we were taught in school here in Egypt, and it always seemed so cinematic.

Bonus questions if I may:

How involved was Ahmose's mother in getting him and his brother to lead Egyptians during the Hyksos reign? Our school textbooks always made it seem like she was the headstrong mother who pushed her children to free Egypt. Looking back it seems like a bit of fiction added for dramatic flair. Is it?

Did the Hyksos disperse after their defeat in Egypt? According to our books, Ahmose pursued them all the way as they fled Egypt, and then they were never heard from again. Again, is this conjecture or did Ahmose really drive the Hyksos out of existence?

I am starting my first semester of student teaching in a few weeks and i have came to the realization that i know nothing about sub-Saharan Africa. I mean if you want to know about Egypt then sure i can do that, but for the rest of the continent i don't really have a clue other than the names i know from playing Civ. I was never really taught about Africa in my history classes so i would like to learn a bit about it so i could work it into my lessons. So I'm looking for some good books, maybe popular history or at least an interesting academic book on it. I would post this on r/booksugestions but i felt like it was better to go to the source on this one.

Edit: the question refers to Galicia in Spain and the Galicia in Galicia-Volhynia, and to the Iberia in Western Europe and the Iberia in the Caucasus.

More specifically did it's popular association with Satan/the Anti-Christ predate the introdution of Arabic numerals and if so how would it have been represented in Roman Numerals? As VI VI VI or DCLXVI? I ask this because in modern American English we refer to it as six six six rather than six hundred and sixty-six.

I just finished the first season of The Last Kingdom (fantastic show (and book)), and I am wondering if the men of the Great Heathen Army were all, or primarily Danish. As far as I know, the legend Ragnar Lodbrok was a Dane, and his sons who led the Great Heathen Army were also Danish, but I know very little of the time period. It is a very interesting time and I would love to learn more about it.

I have a small collection of Soviet WWII firearms that I shoot surplus ammunition out of - leftover bullets from conflict that use a corrosive primer. This ammunition leaves residue and salts behind after ignition.

After firing 50 rounds or so from my Mosin Nagant or SVT-40, the guns are a complete mess and functionality of the rifle is affected...namely accuracy and the ability to eject and load new rounds. It can take me almost half an hour to strip the gun and clean it with modern tools and no one shooting back at me.

What did soldiers do during intense battles? Did they ever need to clean their rifles while fighting?

Did the Japanese army command structure promote atrocities in WWII?

I was reading the book of Giancarlo Casale, The Ottoman Age of Exploration, which tries to examine Ottoman point of view during the age of exploration. The book is rather interesting but my question is about the below passage from the book:

"Despite extensive and seemingly conclusive evidence to the contrary, it remains a stubbornly entrenched belief among many modern historians that the Portuguese Cape route to India was inherently cheaper and faster than any alternative and therefore permanently superseded the traditional transit route through Egypt and the Red Sea."

I am surprised to read that because I thought the Cape route was indeed faster.

I know that you can't ask questions about recent events, so hopefully I am not crossing any lines, but I am mainly interested in the history of the Federal Government's claim to the land both held by the Bureau of Land Management and the Wildlife Reserve, which have now come under fire.

I did a bit of research myself, and found the wildlife reserve was founded by Teddy Roosevelt's executive order 929 which defines the area and title of the reserve.

But that document doesn't state how.

Did the government already have right to the land? Did they have to purchase it from private parties? Or did they simply not recognize any legal ownership and claimed stake to it?

I wasn't able to find much about the land currently owned by the BLM, so I am also greatly interested in that. Or anything else that closely relates to my rambling questions.

I'm curious if those caught committing crimes, especially heinous ones, were generally tried or if mob justice was more common. I'm working off of the assumption that common people accused of crimes were generally afforded a trial (even if only a cursory one), so please let me know if I'm incorrect in that assumption.

I'd also be interested in hearing about the same issue in other legal systems that granted procedural protections to accused criminals.

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I know most Jews in the Holocaust were simply shot and not put into death camps. But where are their bodies?