Are there any estimates of how many people were crucified in Judea by the Romans (including during Herod's rule)? What about the number of Jews or Christians, both in Judea and elsewhere in the Empire?

Rather than the evidence for a functionalist argument, what is there that backs up the intentionalist side?

So, I know that the Ottoman Turkish script was not strictly Arabic script, as it had slightly different pronunciation and modified letters to make sounds that do not appear in Arabic. Also, I know that the new (modified) Latin script was introduced by Ataturk to bring about change and to 'refresh' Turkey after their loss in WW1. My question is, why was this necessary? Is there something about the Latin script that makes it an inherently better match to the Turkish language? Couldn't they have focused their efforts elsewhere? Had there been some sort of historic sentiment that the alphabet was insufficient? Wouldn't completely revamping an entire writing system create all sorts of headaches regarding schooling, signage, documents, etc, and annoy people who have been reading and writing using the old system for their entire lives? If I think of, say, the UK, I'd imagine that a lot of people wouldn't take kindly to being forced to use the Greek alphabet and completely remove all elements of the Latin alphabet from their lives. What made it work so well for Turkey?

I don't want to know what they did

I want to know how they formed and why?

If last names are largerly based off previous occupation of our ancestors, why don't the vast majority of us have a last name that has to do with farming or agriculture in general if the majority of the population drew their livelhoods from agriculture?(I only know that this was the case in Europe, I do not know about other continents)

It was suggested to me by someone that I try to get my MA dissertation published in a journal. It's been a year since I wrote it, and have been too busy to try and get it published due to moving country, general life etc. Does anybody have any tips or advice on how I should go about this? I would ask my old supervisor, but we're now in different countries and it's very hard to get in contact with him... Thank you in advance, and sorry if posted to the wrong place!

Its obvious how two kingdoms can be combined into one through marriage. Was there a corresponding process causing kingdoms to separate that prevented kingdoms from become ever larger and fewer in number?

I began reading about the Ramcke Brigade's fighting during the Battle of El Alamein, but I can't find anywhere that specifies whether the unit actually jumped into Africa prior to the battle.

In 1994's Forrest Gump, there's a sign in the background of the Black Panther scene that reads "Columbia is the Enemy of All Black People". I've perused the internet and can't find any reference to this phrase, or chant, and was wondering if anyone might shed some light on it? I assume it means Columbia as personification of the United States, or District of Columbia, but I'm a history major at Columbia University so the name caught my eye.

I'm watching Monuments Men and there are a ton of zeppelins over fairly active battlefields. While I don't expect the movie to be super historically accurate, I realized I haven't the slightest idea. Thanks!

Or use ports there for their navies?

It seems difficult with the Dutch blockade of Antwerp and the silting of the Zwin (Inlet of Brugge to the sea).

I was reading about two founding theories of Rome. One involved Romulus and Remus, the other involved Aeneas.

I know Julius Caesar claimed Aeneas as part of his ancestry, but I've also read that the legend wasn't really spelled out until after the Aeneid was written (by Virgil) which is after Julius Caesar.

So how big of a founding legend was Aeneas before Virgil's work?

I've read that some stayed relatively independent, but what kind of treaties were signed and what kind of relationship did they have exactly?

Did they tax those cities or ask for levies?

Did Roman officials check up on them and have a permanent presence in these cities?

Were there cities which broke those treaties and what kind of enforcement could those cities expect?

Interested in both Republican and Imperial Rome.

Hello, in our high school history class we are currently learning about the Grand duke Vytautas and the battle of grunwald. Since we are Lithuanians and we have some sort of a rivalry in some cases with Poland, battle of grunwald is often used to boast about our "bright" leaders. Basically, the widely accepted ( in Lithuania) consensus about this battle, is that Vytautas almost single handely decided the outcome of the fight by doing a retreat maneuver which he had learned from the Golden horde before this battle. However, I suspect there might be some propaganda involved. I have tried looking at polish sources, yet, there was little use since they are quite biased as well and I was not able to found any relevant, serious studies regarding this topic from any independent sources. I do not expect a clear answer, just maybe, if someone has studied this battle, maybe they have an opinion about this subject.

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Were monarchs just greedy for land? Did they do it for resources?

With so many ongoing conflicts where the Muslim divide is an important factor I was wondering if the same has happened with Christian belligerents. One that comes to mind are The Troubles in Ireland but have there been more?