The Five Civilized Tribes adopted and practiced chattel slavery of blacks in the 18th century. When they were forcibly removed from their homelands in the Trail of Tears, they took their slaves with them to their new reservations. Slavery in the tribes was only abolished at the end of the Civil War as a demand of the victorious Union government.

This begs the question; what happened to the freedmen in these societies? What similarities and differences are there between the experiences of Indian freedmen and the experiences of African Americans, from the period immediately after emancipation up to today?

Lastly, my understanding of post-slavery African American history loosely splits the period into four eras: Reconstruction, Jim Crow, Civil Rights, and Post-Civil Rights. How closely (or not) does the history of Indian freedmen movements follow that of African American movements?

Looking at the major (historical) ports around the North Sea, almost all of them seem to be some distance inland, at least to my knowledge. London, Antwerp, Rotterdam, Amsterdam (which used to require a detour through the Zuiderzee even), and of course Bremen and Hamburg.

I would expect that dealing with the the fluctuations of a river and the depth limits compared to sea would be challenging for a port, especially when compared to to being able to access the sea directly. Yet, most ports directly on the coast that I know of are either primarily fishing harbours or developed in more recent times (like Scheveningen/The Hague, Esbjerg, Folkestone).

So what gives? Was it easier trade with areas further inland, calmer waters, simply more space to dock, all of those at once, or something else?

I'm well aware that such a date is arbitrary, but although I'm familiar with some other cut-off dates such as 1453, 1492 or even 1481 (which is perhaps convenient for studying the history of France but not for anything else), I don't remember having see the 1520s mentioned until earlier today when I read the author's note of How to slay a dragon.

I've seen contradicting claims as to the guilt of Gilles de Rais, including on a couple of years old AskHistorians posts so I figure it's worth asking again what the view is on whether or not Gilles de Rais is guilty of what he was acused of.

When reading into Giolittis reforms I read that Giolitti banned night work in bakeries but there was no reason given and I couldnt think of one?

Also, First Blood is based on a book published in 1972 right at the end of US involvement in Vietnam. I could not find a similar reference to Agent Orange in the book, but what would have been the understanding of its effects immediately following the Vietnam War?

By "direct", I mean that they stay in the same ship throughout the whole journey, though they stop at many different ports along the way.

I've been reading the Commentaries for the first time, and I find it pretty amazing that we have the "voice" of not only a person from so far back, but one of the most important people in Roman history. I've heard that there's a consensus that Caesar himself wrote most of the Commentaries, with Hirtius writing the last book. However, as far as I know, we don't exactly have other written works by Caesar. How, then, did historians come to the conclusion that the text was written by Caesar himself, especially considering that it only refers to him in the third person?

• Did peasants mostly wear woven fabric? (this is my assumption. i dont know much about textiles tho)

• Did peasants weave their own fabric? If not, who did? Local village weavers? Or was fabric traded over longer distances from cities?

• What fibres? Mostly wool and linen? Any cotton?

So basically, as the title says, read different sources telling that the carriers won importance after the IS was forced to rely on them after losing some of their ships at Pearl Harbor, and also that they were the primary target of the Japanese. Could someone clarify the situation to me? Thanks in advance

Pretty much the title. I'm wondering if the first Norse raiders knew where they were going or if they kicked off the Viking Age by accident.

Did Alexander the Great ever try or suggested conquering Rome or was he never interested in the italian peninsula?

I’ve been reading lately on the involvement of women in the Soviet armed forces during WWII. Not only were they present in the workforce and as nurses, but they also participated heavily (compared to other armies) in the actual combat.

I remember from my WWII class there was a massive ransacking of Germany including a mass rape of German women following the Allies’ victory. IIRC all powers participated but none to the extent of the Soviet troops.

My question is what was the role of female Soviet troops while this was happening? I’d think there had to be some witnesses given they were everywhere from tench ware fare to sniper posts.

Were they complicit? Or were they participants? Were they not present at all? We can speculate all day but are there any resources that actually investigate the phenomenon?

Reading the IMDB info about the movie, it says that college students in the 1980s would run around campus trying to hunt and shoot each other with paintball weapons. Universities would even promote these activities under various club names. I can't seem to find anything about this on the internet. Does anyone have any resources on this fad?

This period just seemed really slow compared to timeframes before and after. Most timelines on technology advancement I look at just skip through most of these years as there wasn’t much to tell. I know they’re called the dark ages but just curious what caused this decline or lack of notable innovation for over 1000 years and where would society be now if things were different

As a spanish man who never trusted the black legend of the Empire, I have faced serious troubles when trying to write a book about the "revolution of 1820". And since i have critical thinking and i don't want to address the topic from a flawed perspective, i do no longer know which words should i use to describe certain events.

First of all, genocide. This word is problematic in my opinion to describe the early relationships between the conquerors and the natives because as far as i know, there was never a will from the public institutions to kill civilians and most of the deaths that occurred after the arrival were caused by diseases. Nonetheless... Colón. That happened. And i cannot simply ignore it. So... Is it a genocide when a public authority acts against the will of the government (in this case the monarchs) to commit a massacre even tho he was punished because of it? Can i really talk seriously about genocide on this regard?

Second of all, everything related with the word colonial. If natives had the same legal status as those who were born in the metropoli, and those who went there had childs with the natives, is it possible to talk about colonial population? And if the territories spent within their soil most of the resources that were extracted from there, can i really talk about colonies? Being fair, the virreinatos were not even considered different countries, and they did not have more differences among them back then than the ones that Spanish historic nationalities had among themselves.

Third of all... The word in spanish is expolio. I don't know how to say that in english but it means something like robbery or so. And linking it with the last question, in which i claimed that most of the resources were spent there, is it possible to speak about expolio when most of the resources that were subtracted from them were stolen due to corruption of peninsular authorities? This is specially hard to gasp for me because even tho most latin american countries claim that there was indeed, robbery, Catalonians say the same about the central government of Spain nowadays. Even those who live in the capital claim that Spain is stealing their money. So... When everyone is spanish but everyone thinks that the spanish people are stealing their money, can i really talk about robbery?

I see plenty of stories of people escaping east berlin, the USSR, North Korea etc but surely someone has tried to go the other way at some point. Do they have stories I can read?