Too costly? Defeat? Decided to work with the U.S. rather than compete?

I am reading Dreiser's Desire Trilogy, which is partly set in Chicago, and makes Illinois out to be dirty AF.

I'm a military historian and I'm currently reading through the Court Martials of British cavalrymen from 1815. Some of the equestrian terminology is baffling and Google doesn't come up with anything. I wondered if anyone here could suggest what the following offence means "giving his horse a low back and riding home without a lease" - it must have been something quite serious as the offending soldier was sentenced to 100 lashes of the whip, but I just can't guess what it means.

Many thanks in advance! (I've already tried r/horses - they suggested I try here!)

What are the odds that two random people with this surname are related? From my understanding its very popular in German history. Is there any understanding how many independent Bock lines there are?

In comparison to high society England in the early 20th century.

I recently found out that India, Bangladesh and Pakistan are the three largest contributors to the UN Peacekeeping Force. Is there some historical reason for this, other than the disciplined and professional militaries of all 3 countries?

I've been working on a data-driven project studying royal marriages, and one of the first examples that come to mind is the marriage of a prince and princess from two different countries. But strangely enough I'm finding no such examples between 1400 and 1900 in Europe. Could any of you tell me if this is true or a problem with my code? I'd appreciate any examples!

Why were the Visigoths unable to repel the Ostrogoths? Why were the Ostrogoths unable to repel the Huns?

This question stems from reading about the reformation and Martin Luther, with me being unable to find a good answer.

I'm interested in what sort of honorific titles might be used in the Greco-Roman world when addressing members of the nobility who were ranked below kings, emperors, etc, and who lacked a specific titled job like, "governor,"

Would "Sir," or "My Lord," be appropriate? If not, what was used instead, if anything?

For instance how might a servant address Alcibiades, or a member of the Roman senate?

Any help would be greatly appreciated.

If so, how quickly was it shelved? How many people did they expect to die?

Edit: In WW2

Is there a good resource where I can see the ranks of the roman legions during the reign of diocletian? I've got a great book on the roman army by Adrian Goldsworthy and he talks about the equestrian ranks that began to replace the senatorial ones, but I'm looking for more of the junior command. After he talks about the different tribunes, prefects, and praepositii, he says "Apart from their titles, even less is known about the various more junior ranks attested in the later army." I want to know what those various, more junior ranks are, or at least what they are called. Also, at one point he says the "Centenarii" might be the equivalent of the old "Centurion". Would this mean that the term "centurion" was no longer in use during the late 3rd century, or am I misreading that?

I asked this question in /r/history because I'm really interested in who (if anyone) will declare, "The Queen is dead! Long live the King!" and I understand that this would break the year rule here. How has it historically been done?

Also, could someone speak to what will happen in the eventual passing of the queen in the UK, who will have this honor/responsibility? Will it still be done? Will it be televised? Is it delegated to a position, or is the task chosen at the moment?

Experts, please jump all over me if I'm wrong about something. It seems to me as if all sides in WWI very quickly realized they weren't having fun anymore. There wasn't a quick battle of Trafalgar II, France didn't fall in a month, lots of soldiers seem to be dieing. I'm sure both sides had high hopes, but after the initial stages was it clear the war wouldn't end without a very long drawn out fight?

Were there any peace offers prior to the final armistice from either side? If not, what prevented this from happening? Was there a point where the war seemed like enough of a stalemate that both sides came close to just calling off the whole thing?