I've read some interesting material on this suggesting that there was enough organization and foresight to make an attempt to hide children, which often meant separating them from their parents. I came across a couple of survivor stories where children were literally handed over to strangers on street corners. Some stories suggest that children who could pass as non-Jews might be hidden "in plain sight" with different families, or in various religious institutions. I'm particularly interested in how this might have happened in the Netherlands, but there seems to be a glut of information about Anne Frank and her family, which makes it difficult to find other stories or information. Can anyone comment on this and/or recommend could sources of information?

Hey guys i'm planning to write about life in fortress cities in the 18th century. Does anyone know from the top of your head some literature on this subject, with regards to relations between military, society and state?

I hesitated to ask this question in /r/AskHistorians - /r/Islam may fit better. But since I'm looking for a well-sourced answer, /r/AskHistorians will be my best bet, I guess.

Anyway. In Islamic tradition (or at least in "today tradition" as I am taught), jahiliyyah/jahiliyya is usually understood as an "age of ignorance/age of stupidity". Because, the tradition said, prior to Islam, the Arabs were in a state of foolishness. They were lacking of "civilization" (living a nomadic life), they were godless pagans, they were uneducated because they were not able to read, etc.

However historically, of course, this is not true. There was Nabatean Kingdom and the Ghassans who acted as a buffer state between Romans and Persians. There were Arabs living in southern Syria. And judging an oral culture by today's standard (being able to read = mark of educated mind) is terribly anachronistic. So I suppose "jahliyyah" did not actually mean "stupidity" as we know it today or as labelled by the infamous Sayyid Qutb.

I've read an interpretation that jahiliyyah actually means something else. It doesn't actually mean "stupidity" as we interpret it today. Something like an unequal status between men and women (prior to Islam). Or inequality between social classes. But I can't remember exactly the argument (or where do I read it/who wrote that). So can anyone help me? What did jahiliyyah actually mean back then?

When and how did the transition to monotheism occur?

Is it just a popular 'apologist' claim, or is there truth in it? Also, is it true there were black slaveholders? And if there were white slaves, how common were they? This is coming from an ignorant brit, so please don't assume that I'm suggesting this is truth or that I am some sort of neo-confedorate

I guess there have been sources detailing the units and general melee combat, but have there been any detailed accounts of what happened during a battle?

I have been reading the Wikipedia articles "Iran–Contra affair" "Manuel Noriega" and "Invasion of Panama"

Manuel Antonio Noriega was listed as a participant on the Iran-Contra affair.

I quote from the USA Panama invasion wiki. :

In 1986, US President Ronald Reagan opened negotiations with General Noriega, requesting that the Panamanian leader step down after he was publicly exposed in The New York Times by Seymour Hersh, and later exposed in the Iran-Contra Scandal

So can you please tell me exactly what was his involvement with the affair?

Thank you very much.

I'm writing a summery of the invasion.

Did they tend to sleep 8 or 6 hours; were naps common?

Every decade of the 20th century can be loosely quantified in a general theme (the roaring 20s, the flower power 60s, the weird clothing styles/music of the 80s) and each one is so different from the last. What kinds of themes were common between decades in the 19th century, and were they as distinctively different from each other as those in the 20th century?

Was watching Rome on HBO and was wondering on how accurate his portrayal was. Did he get what he deserved in tge end.

If this isn't the right place to ask I'll take my post down, but if it is: "chili peppers" are very common in many different styles of Asian food, especially so in Thai food where almost all dishes have an element of spiciness. What would these regions been eating before the introduction of peppers from the Americas. It seems hard to believe that the food from some of these regions could have even existed without such a huge part of their identity. Sorry If this is worded poorly, if I need to clarify what I'm getting at I will, but hopefully you guys could give me some insight even if this is a historical anthropology kind of question.

I want to track my ancestors' citizenship through time, beginning with my grandmother's grandparents, who were born in Lemberg, Galicia, Austria-Hungary in 1867 and 1871. Presumably, they were Austro-Hungarian at birth and by jus soli. But what happened to their citizenship when AH broke up at WWI? And what did that mean for their children (my grandmother's parents) and other descendants?

This is a new topic for me, and I can't seem to find any historical references to citizenship. Any leads would be greatly appreciated!!! Even if you could just point me in the right direction, I am certainly not averse to reading on my own, lol, I just don't know where to start for this topic.

(Text of Benjamin Franklin's Petition for the Abolition of Slavery)
To the Senate & House of Representatives of the United States,
The Memorial of the Pennsylvania Society for promoting the Abolition of Slavery, the relief of free Negroes unlawfully held in bondage, & the Improvement of the Condition of the African Races.
Respectfully Sheweth,
That from a regard for the happiness of Mankind an Association was formed several years since in this State by a number of her Citizens of various religious denominations for promoting the Abolition of Slavery & for the relief of those unlawfully held in bondage. A just & accurate Conception of the true Principles of liberty, as it spread through the land, produced accessions to their numbers, many friends to their Cause, & a legislative Co-operation with their views, which, by the blessing of Divine Providence, have been successfully directed to the relieving from bondage a large number of their fellow Creatures of the African Race. They have also the Satisfaction to observe, that in consequence of that Spirit of Philanthropy & genuine liberty which is generally diffusing its beneficial Influence, similar Institutions are gradually forming at home & abroad.
That mankind are all formed by the same Almighty being, alike objects of his Care & equally designed for the Enjoyment of Happiness the Christian Religion teaches us to believe & the Political Creed of America fully coincides with the Position. Your Memorialists, particularly engaged in attending to the Distresses arising from Slavery, believe it their indispensable Duty to present this Subject to your notice. They have observed with great Satisfaction that many important & salutary Powers are vested in you for "promoting the Welfare & Securing the blessings of liberty to the "People of the United States." And as they conceive, that these blessings ought rightfully to be administered, without distinction of Colour, to all descriptions of People, so they indulge themselves in the pleasing expectation, that nothing, which can be done for the relive of the unhappy objects of their care, will be either omitted or delayed.
From a persuasion that equal liberty was originally the Portion, It is still the Birthright of all men, & influenced by the strong ties of Humanity & the Principles of their Institution, your Memorialists conceive themselves bound to use all justifiable endeavours to loosen the bounds of Slavery and promote a general Enjoyment of the blessings of Freedom. Under these Impressions they earnestly entreat your serious attention to the Subject of Slavery, that you will be pleased to countenance the Restoration of liberty to those unhappy Men, who alone, in this land of Freedom, are degraded into perpetual Bondage, and who, amidst the general Joy of surrounding Freemen, are groaning in Servile Subjection, that you will devise means for removing this Inconsistency from the Character of the American People, that you will promote mercy and Justice towards this distressed Race, & that you will Step to the very verge of the Powers vested in you for discouraging every Species of Traffick in the Persons of our fellow men.
Philadelphia February 3, 1790
B. Franklin
President of the Society

How was this recieved in his time; Either by the public, or by fellow politicians?

How were artillery shells used in WWI, and how did they affect warfare?