Follow-up are there any records of people's names before written languages? e.g. stories passed down

If so, how did he manage to get off?

If hot chili peppers are native to N. America, what was used to add heat to Indian, Thai, Lao, etc. food before European colonization? Did these plants travel from N. America by Pacific trade routes prior to the Columbian Exchange? Was some other plant/ product used?

More broadly I'm really curious as to what each man did during this time.

Thanks!

I have always wondered how modern French, a Latin-derived language, came to be the predominant tongue spoken among the modern people who inhabit the region we know as "France." I know that during the fall of the Roman Republic, Gaul (modern France) was inhabited by Celtic language speakers, and that at during the fall of the Empire, it was primarily occupied by German language speakers (Franks). I assume that during the period of the German invasions, Gallo-Roman elites who spoke Latin ruled over a primarily Celtic speaking population, and that as the invasions continued, the population became predominately German speaking. In short, how did this Celtic and German speaking population come to adopt a Romance language? Additionally, why did this same process not occur in Britain or the Holy Roman Empire?

Did Rome and Greece only accept confession under torture?

I read that Greece only allowed confession of slaves under torture (Encyclopedia of the Ancient Greek World), watching Rome I just saw Attica say the same thing.

What I don't get is why wouldn't confession be allowed outside of torture?

I like to ask, because of all this current US condoned torture, and torture never gets anywhere... What changed? Not that I condone torture. I just see ancient societies did use to use it.

Confused foreigner here. Living in the United States, but I am from abroad. I had learned that the Civil War was mostly about macropolicy issues regarding trade and separation of federal/state power, however every human being in the States appear to believe it was 100% fueled by the issue of slavery. Can you historians please help me unscrew my thoughts and figure out why America was fighting.

In the movie Gladiator, Marcus Aurelius tells Maximus that he doesn't think Commodus will make a good emperor. A Google search supports this theory, but I had trouble finding scholarly sources, besides Dios obvious disdain for Commodus.

So, did Marcus Aurelius dislike his son? If so, why did he name Commodus as his heir?

Apologies if this has been answered. If so, please direct me there. Nazi Germany is pretty much recognized as the archetype for evil. I'm curious as to what this archetype may have been before the rise of the third reich. Was it centered around mythology? Or was another reign of evil supplanted by the evil of the Nazi Party?

How was Baroque art, specifically in Italy, influenced by political, economic, or cultural events leading up to and in the early 17th century?

My great grandfather (Jacob Carberry) was in the Canadian army during WWI. He supposedly served for 7 months in France. According to the documents given to me by my grandmother he was shot in the head during the battle of Ypres. After, he spent his two year recuperation in Clivenden Manor. Here he became very close with a Lady Nancy Astor. From what my grandmother tells me the two may have been seeing each other during this time period. Although we have no proof of an affair my aunt has many of the letters that were exchanged between the two over the course of their lives. Was there a specific battle of Ypres that was primarily fought by Canadian forces? Second, What was the significance of Lady Astor and the Clivenden Manor when it came to the recovery of wounded soldiers.

And how was the living condition for tankcrews ?

A small debate with friends that I was unable to find the answer to. Were German medical personnel on the Frontline (East or West) identified as medical personnel with an armband of white fabric with a Red Cross? Were they unarmed? The latter question was also rather interesting when we applied it to the eastern front where clemency to troops of either side was not necessarily shown.

As an example: Phocion, Athenian statesman and general (d. c. 318 BC) Have seen this in some textbooks and I wasn't able to google the answer.

I just watched 'Lore' (2012), and I was left wondering: what happened to the wives of SS commanders, their children and others involved who did not commit suicide as many did?

I'm trying to teach myself about WWI and, when learning about complex historical events, I find it useful to orient myself with the important dates as like mile markers. However, I can't find anything about Germany declaring war on Serbia. I see Austria-Hungary declaring war, then Russia mobilizing in defense of Serbia, and then Germany declaring war on Russia and then on France. So did Germany ever formally declare or was it like an "an ally of my enemy is my enemy" kind of thing?

I'm transcribing Victorian-American correspondence at a small museum in upstate NY. Currently I'm working on personal letters from a mother to her son in college. The letters are absolutely adorable.

One thing made me a bit curious. The mother mentions that she met a young man who is from London, and is acquaintances with her other son. The young man is "very smart and swell," and "he dresses better than they do" here. More importantly-- "he talks peculiar and nice."

I know it's probably hard to tell, but I wonder if this lady was unfamiliar with British accents and was surprised to hear his, which would explain why she'd essentially describe it as strange/unusual. I'm sure in that era, many people were probably aware of how those in Britain sound, but maybe not the average person?

Any ideas?