Were retaliatory attacks primarily carried out by Loyalist paramilitary groups or were there "official" British Armed Forces responses?

Can elaborate more if need be too!

After reading through this forum for a while i've noticed many differing views on how the phalanx functioned in battle. I've read about the pulse theory and the othismos, and whether the hoplites held their spears over or underhand. I'm reading "Western Way of Warfare" by VDH right now as well and he talks about wrestling on the front ranks in a phalanx and i'm having a hard time imagining how this would be done with a shield strapped to your left arm.

Another thing I have trouble imagining is how this massive shoulder down shield push could be done while at the same time the second and third ranks who would be receiving a lot of pressure from the back ranks able to accurately thrust with their spears. I also find it hard to imagine a body of men once engaged in battle would separate for a breather.

My question is has there ever been a good recreation of a phalanx battle where the two sides are actually engaged? It seems to me a lot of questions could be resolved if a good realistic engagement was put on. As realistic as possible with both sides trying to win.

I'm going to be travelling to Paris and Rome in November and would love to learn more about the general history of the two cities before arriving. Anything on the rulers, monuments, culture, food, etc. would be greatly appreciated! So far I've only watched Meet the Romans with Mary Beard.

I tried looking this up online but I couldn't find any good sources. I assume that Muslims have identified God (or "Allah" in Arabic) with the God of the Jews and Christians since the beginning of Islam. But have they also considered "Yahweh" or "YHWH" to be his personal name? Has there been any debate about this within the Muslim world?

Drugs are still lucrative work for organized crime, but we no longer seem to live in an era of grandiose mob schemes to control the Teamsters Union or of serving as hitmen for the cia.

Why did the mafia decline in prominence?

I have a copy of History of the Ancient World by Chester Starr and I've been reading through it, as interesting as it is I checked the date on the inside cover and found it was originally written in 1965 (though the copy I have dates from 1974). I've always wondered out "out of date" a history book be before the information in it is considered obsolete?

Granted history doesn't change but our understanding and interpretation of it improves over time; a book on Egypt from 1925 is going to be far less accurate than a book on Egypt from 2005.

So is there a rule of thumb or does it range according to period or is there another method for determining if the information is still valid?

Of course most will consider all Nazi units to be consisting of criminals but I have been given to understand that Góbels or perhaps Góring created a Nazi unit consisting of rapists, murderes and other foul human beings who actually did a fairly good job during the war but ehy were also relentless and vile. I can't find any mention of this unit anywhere so I am asking whether it existed and what the name of that unit was.

Thanks in advance.

One of the biggest things happening at NASA right now is the SLS rocket and the missions surrounding it. However it has garnered criticism for being overly expensive and bending to the Shuttle contractors when you could create a different plan for a lot cheaper. Did the Saturn V receive similar attacks?

In my "Pre-Columbian American Civ" class, my professor reiterated the Land Bridge theory for explaining the migratory routes that the first Americans took in entering the North American continent. It was a reiteration of what I learned a decade earlier in middle school.

I learned recently that it's actually more contentious of a debate and that it's not universally accepted. What other theories are there to explain how the continent was populated?

In Colonial America?

I was always under the impression that the Muslims were iconoclastic.

There was certainly an immediate halt in progress for some time. However, how long after 1986 did the disaster prevent significant further advancement?

Thanks!