From 600 to 1400 or thereabouts, how dangerous was warfare? Do we know how many soldiers and knights would live to see more than one battle? Were wounds in which a person lost their finger, hand, or arm always fatal?

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What represented Estonia during 1219 when Dannebrog fell from heaven? Either a flag, a symbol, any assistance?

I'm curious as to where the Slavic peoples come from and the history of their migrations to Eastern Europe. We know that the Germanic peoples come from Northern Europe and gradually moved southwards. By the time of the Roman Empire, there was a lot of interaction between the Romans and Germans, whether it be through peace or war. Lastly, the Germanic peoples caused the fall of the Western Roman Empire and occupied their territories, which gradually evolved into Medieval Kingdoms like France and Lombardy.

However, it seems that not much attention is paid to the origin of the Slavic Kingdoms in the Middle Ages. History books don't go into detail, if at all, in explaining the genesis of kingdoms like Bohemia and Poland, which makes it seem like they suddenly "popped" into existence during the Middle Ages.

So could you tell me about the origins of the Slavic peoples? Where they came from and if there was any Roman or pre-Roman records of Slavs in Europe? And how did the Slavs migrate to Eastern Europe and found their kingdoms?

Thanks in advance.

It seems strange to me that the Senate would be willing to submit to one man after spending so much of it's time in the previous decades to consolidate it's power and one of the founding principles of Rome being that no one man should rule. If Julius Caesar was murdered for having too much power, why was it ok for Octavian/Augustus to have that much power?

Can anyone recommend some readings on this subject? I'm open to both introductory and exhaustive reading. Would prefer scholarly articles though, since in where I live there seems to be little interest in this subject; it might be a bit difficult to get a book (while it's easier to get access to articles via uni library)... but if anyone knows a good book, please still do share!

I really appreciate the help!

I wondered for a while if their have been any other specialized forces such as the seals for infiltration or a special force to rout armies? Or any specialized group for assassination ?

I've played WWII submarine video games sporadically through my life. And whether it be "Silent Service" on my Atari 800, or "Pacific Fleet" on my iPad, one question has always stuck with me - how were submarines able to launch a torpedo on any azimuth other than the exact direction the sub was facing? In these games, and in movies, etc. the player/captain spins the periscope, aligns with the target (leading it if necessary) and fires a torpedo. How can the torpedo go in any direction other than perfectly straight? With a shipboard gun, a turret could spin to deflect from the course of the firing vessel. Torpedo tubes presumably didn't spin, and were fixed in place like a rifle barrel. Was there a rudder pre-set on torpedoes? In which case, wouldn't its course be an arc versus the straight line presented in video games?

For more specificity, I'm curious about 1887-1888. I know power lines were around then, but did they reach these farms at that point in history? I would think the magnitude of some of these cornfields would affect how far the companies would carry power.

Labotomies are pretty universally panned as inhume and horrible, but were there any patients who truly benefitted from them?

I have Googled various versions of this questions, but haven't been able to come up with much authoritative material on the subject. I realize the question is extremely broad and the opinions would probably differ depending on different units etc., but I am curious if there were general impressions of the fighting qualities (or lack thereof) of each nations fighting men from the German perspective.

I'm in Genoa currently on a project and found out that the region is known for creating pesto.

There is a post being passed around by my Facebook friends in which it is argued that Rhodes's actions in Africa led to a death toll "ten times that of Hitler's extermination of the Jews." Is there any historical data that supports this claim, or is it simple speculation and exaggeration?

Why weren't there more white settlers like what happened in Hawaii?