What are the prevailing theories on the primary causes of the Late Bronze Age collapse?

1 Answers 2021-05-29

From an answer (link below), the word “khaki” comes from uniform changes made by British soldiers in India during the 19th century. How did that translate into what modern folks think of as khaki, namely boring sand-colored shorts? Is the journey similar to camoflogue being adopted by the public?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

When did camping in America become a recreational activity? When did it pick up in popularity? Did it pick up when travel trailers became available or before when it was just tents?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Historians in the video gaming industry

hello,

I was wondering if there are any history graduates here employed in the gaming industry, like Creative Assembly or Ubisoft. I finished my bachelor's degree in history with honors last year but still have had no luck finding work throughout this pandemic. I was hoping for some guidance/advice as to how to approach getting a historian position at one of these gaming/entertainment companies.

Thanks

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Was Christopher Columbus and other Europeans aware of the Vikings reaching as far as North America in the Middle Ages? If not... why?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

How ancient civilizations counted their years?

I just came up with this thought and found it very interesting. How civilizations of early mesopotamia(sumerians/babylonians/assyrians) did this? Were they aware of such a concept of counting years? Is there any common pattern of doing so between particular civilizations? To start counting, one has to have a starting point. Did they have such a point? Maybe some important occurence ?

Thank you in advance.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

When and why was "of America" formally added to the "United States" as the formal name of the country?

I spent some time looking, but it seems like an uncommon question. I could be wrong.

I know the U.S.A. was initially the "United Colonies" before Congress changed it to the "United States" before formal independence. The Constitution first refers to the nation as these "United States of America" and then only once again when it establishes the executive powers of the President. Every other instance is "United States" or otherwise.

It seems like the U.S.A is the 'official' name but when was this decided and why was "of America" added? I am assuming The Constitution is the formal start of the designation, but I am unsure of that. Also, why not "of North America" or "of the Americas"? Does The Constitution actually establish an informal domain over both North and South America? I've seen America used to reference both continents at the same time before in older texts.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

What did upper-class women typically wear in everyday life in the 1700s?

I know that fashion back then for women mainly consisted of extremely large and over-the-top gowns, but did rich women back then really wear them as casual wear? We’re you considered poor if you were caught not wearing those kind of dresses?

2 Answers 2021-05-28

What kept the U.S. space shuttle program from reaching its potential? Was it a boondoggle? The victim of fading interest in space exploration?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

War hammers, why both a pick and a hammer?

Quite a few war hammer designs have both a pick side and a hammer side. I was just wondering why these two? They're both geared towards defeating armour but in what situations would you use one over the other? Would it not make more sense to have an axe side and a pick/hammer side since the axe would be more effective at tackling light/no armour while the pick/hammer side would be better suited for armour?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Around year 1900, was it common for scientists to think that physics "is solved"?

I have personally many times quoted lord Kelvin:

"There is nothing new to be discovered in physics now. All that remains is more and more precise measurement."

It is a funny line considering that both quantum physics and the theory of relativity were discovered not very long after.

However, it was recently brought to my attention that this is a misquote and he never actually said this. This made me wonder whether the sentiment of the quote was actually commonly shared or not. Of course not everyone would have thought this but I wonder if this was a prominent idea among scientists at the time.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

According to the Domesday Book census in 1086 slaves comprised 5-25% of England's population. Who were these enslaved people?

While researching Native American slavery I came across this aside, and realized I knew next to nothing about slavery in Northern Europe outside of captives taken by Viking raiders.

Who were these slaves in England? Where did they come from? What was their social status and roles? Was their slave status inherited by their children? How did the practice gradually die out?

Thanks in advance!

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Caesar's German cavalry were accompanied by light infantrymen, "who were accustomed to engage among them." Caesar famously employed similar tactics at Pharsalus, when he surreptitiously embedded infantry amongst his cavalry. Was this tactic as unique as Caesar portrays? Did it become a new norm?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

What happened to the British commanders who lost the Revolutionary War?

I recently read that Charles Cornwallis, who surrendered to the Americans at Yorktown, later went on to lead a successful campaign against the Irish and also commanded in India.

I would have guessed Cornwallis would be on the outs and barred from high command after this defeat. How did he manage to get high postings after this?

What about the other generals and admirals who were defeated in the American theater? Did the British generally forgive their losses and let them try again in other campaigns? Was getting a second chance after a major blunder unusual?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Why were there so many international brigades of volunteers serving in the Spanish Civil War?

I was reading about the Spanish Civil War and noticed that many volunteers came from abroad to fight for the Republican cause. What made this such a prevalent trend? I have seen lists of Albanian, French, Italian, Russian, and all sorts of nationalities arriving to Spain to fight. It was so fascinating to read about how the whole world seemed to be looking at Spain during this time.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

How did Kennedy sweep the Deep South in the 1960 election? Were Southern Democrats just voting for their party, unaware that New England Dems were much more liberal and pro-integration?

Everyone always talks about the effect that the televised debates had on making Kennedy look good, but I’ve always wondered if there was a flip side to this: Where lack of tv among poor white southern Democrats may have kept them in the dark about Kennedy’s policy platform and more elitist liberal catholic yankee leanings.

When you look at the 1960 electoral map it’s seemingly the craziest election landscape of the century. The party that would end up passing the Civil Rights Act 4 years later swept the Deep South. Now I’m sure there was probably a higher turnout rate for African Americans and women and other more “liberal” voting blocs, but I really don’t see how he could have won almost every confederate state without a significant amount of Southern Democrats just voting for their traditional party without reading the fine print.

Are there any good sources that go into this at all? Were there a lot of conservative good ol boys that expressed regret or anger about voting for the Democrat and getting hoodwinked when he turned out to be the opposite of what they wanted?

Or is it possible that civil rights and integration and stuff just wasn’t a big campaign issue in 1960? Did all the racists and pro-segregation crowd just like Kennedy’s foreign policy and funny accent so much that they never bothered to ask what his thoughts were on the controversial policies they wanted to protect? Or was it that Kennedy might likely have done nothing about civil rights and Southern Democrats just weren’t worried about it?

Like just how in the hell did a New England liberal Catholic win in Texas in 1960 without there being some kind of miscommunication?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Why Did The Capetian And Valois Houses Use The Fleur De Lys In Different Numbers As Their Royal Banners ?

From here:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages

The Capetian royal banner has fleur de lys in rows, and the Valois royal banner has only three larger fleur de lys.

Am I trying to find meaning where there is none, or is it something as simple as them both wanting to use the same symbol but wanting to differentiate themselves from each other ?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

How did molasses get transferred from the ship to the tank prior to the Boston Molasses Flood?

Context: I grew up around Boston and was always fascinated with this bizarre incident. Someone challenged me to write a poem about it (with lots of rhymes for "molasses").

I wanted to describe a scene of what led up to the disaster, of the tank being filled with heated molasses the day before. But Wikipedia and google images have failed to tell/show me what the kind of ship that carried molasses in 1919 looked like (like an oil tanker?) And how the liquid got from the ship to the storage tank (hoses? Drums, rails?)

If anyone can answer this question about shipping/dock work in the 1910s, it'd be much appreciated, and I can share my poem with you when it's finished!

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Mythology across many older religions have epic tales and stories of people doing seemingly impossible things. From Heracles, Cú Chulainn, Siegfried, Achilies etc. is there any proof that any of those incredible feats were performed by anyone?

Seeing videos on YouTube titled “if it wasn’t recorded you wouldn’t believe it” made me wonder if we have ever dismissed a story and later found out something like it actually happened. Maybe someone actually wrestled a lion, or took on 50 men.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

looking for books on 12th century Italy and in particular Venice, any good recommendations?

Hi, I'm looking for book recommendations for understanding the history of Italy (in particular Venice)in the 12th century. I'm interested in learning about what the culture was like in the country, what customs they may have had, what religious practices, beliefs, jobs, what life was like for merchants, nobles, and the role of women in Italian society at the time.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

There were many small free imperial cities and other tiny city-states in Medieval and Early Modern Germany, up to 300 by some counts. Why and how did only Hamburg and Bremen remain to this day as city-states in the new federal Germany?

3 Answers 2021-05-28

Prior to the battle of Britain, the Nazis seemed unstoppable - crushing Poland/France. Based on the portrayal of Churchill in the "Darkest Hour," there were UK leaders who wanted to find terms with Hitler - did the Nazis ever consider assassinating Churchill/other UK leaders who wanted to fight?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Did Roman/Hellenistic cities lack street lighting?

Despite all their improvements to urban planning, I've heard that this was conspicuously absent.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

Why did medieval kings go through so much trouble to establish that their right to rule was legitimate?

I just watched Henry V, the Shakespeare play. In it there's a whole long and silly speech by the Archbishop of Canterbury explaining how King Henry is rightful king of France, through an absurdly complicated line of descent.

This seems like total bullshit to me. King Henry V wanted to be king of France, so he invaded it. Done. His successor Henry VII declared that he was King of England by right of conquest. Why bother going through the dog and pony show about what the law says? Was this a requirement to become king?


[The whole spiel:](https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/views/plays/play_view.php?WorkID=henry5&Act=1&Scene=2&Scope=scene)

    Then hear me, gracious sovereign, and you peers,
    That owe yourselves, your lives and services
    To this imperial throne. There is no bar
    To make against your highness' claim to France
    But this, which they produce from Pharamond,
    'In terram Salicam mulieres ne succedant:'
    'No woman shall succeed in Salique land:'
    Which Salique land the French unjustly gloze 
    To be the realm of France, and Pharamond
    The founder of this law and female bar.
    Yet their own authors faithfully affirm
    That the land Salique is in Germany,
    Between the floods of Sala and of Elbe; 
    Where Charles the Great, having subdued the Saxons,
    There left behind and settled certain French;
    Who, holding in disdain the German women
    For some dishonest manners of their life,
    Establish'd then this law; to wit, no female 
    Should be inheritrix in Salique land:
    Which Salique, as I said, 'twixt Elbe and Sala,
    Is at this day in Germany call'd Meisen.
    Then doth it well appear that Salique law
    Was not devised for the realm of France: 
    Nor did the French possess the Salique land
    Until four hundred one and twenty years
    After defunction of King Pharamond,
    Idly supposed the founder of this law;
    Who died within the year of our redemption 
    Four hundred twenty-six; and Charles the Great
    Subdued the Saxons, and did seat the French
    Beyond the river Sala, in the year
    Eight hundred five. Besides, their writers say,
    King Pepin, which deposed Childeric, 
    Did, as heir general, being descended
    Of Blithild, which was daughter to King Clothair,
    Make claim and title to the crown of France.
    Hugh Capet also, who usurped the crown
    Of Charles the duke of Lorraine, sole heir male 
    Of the true line and stock of Charles the Great,
    To find his title with some shows of truth,
    'Through, in pure truth, it was corrupt and naught,
    Convey'd himself as heir to the Lady Lingare,
    Daughter to Charlemain, who was the son 
    To Lewis the emperor, and Lewis the son
    Of Charles the Great. Also King Lewis the Tenth,
    Who was sole heir to the usurper Capet,
    Could not keep quiet in his conscience,
    Wearing the crown of France, till satisfied 
    That fair Queen Isabel, his grandmother,
    Was lineal of the Lady Ermengare,
    Daughter to Charles the foresaid duke of Lorraine:
    By the which marriage the line of Charles the Great
    Was re-united to the crown of France. 
    So that, as clear as is the summer's sun.
    King Pepin's title and Hugh Capet's claim,
    King Lewis his satisfaction, all appear
    To hold in right and title of the female:
    So do the kings of France unto this day; 
    Howbeit they would hold up this Salique law
    To bar your highness claiming from the female,
    And rather choose to hide them in a net
    Than amply to imbar their crooked titles
    Usurp'd from you and your progenitors.

1 Answers 2021-05-28

What is the earliest period in England (if any ) when folklore was widely unbelieved?

I have the understanding that it's inconclusive but highly probable that English folklore like dragons and boggarts were widely believed, But is it possible to find the earliest period in England where folklore was widely dismissed as fiction?

1 Answers 2021-05-28

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