Why didn’t Yamnaya/Proto-Indo-Europeans spread their language in the middle of the Caucasus?

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/IE2500BP.png/307px-IE2500BP.png

As we know, Armenians, in the South Caucasus, speak an Indo-European language, and north of Caucasia, we find Slavic speakers. Yet, in-between, the languages aren’t Indo-European, what could explain that gap? Why would have PIE assimilated the south, the north, but not what is in-between?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Was there any evidence of an actual City of Atlantis?

I’m watching the Atlantis episode of spongebob and I really want to know. Most of the articles I read about are clickbait.

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Was there any permanent workplace dynamics that came from the rise in US female employment during World War II?

At the height of the war, there were roughly 19.2 million women employed in US. To call that a dramatic rise from decades before would be an understatement. I may be wrong about this, but my reading of history leads me to believe that this rise shifted economic power in the US, and made it more balanced among the sexes. Yet, as soon as the men returned from war, that economic power shifted almost completely back to the men and back to where it was in the pre-war days, and that disparity was actually exasperated until every American workplace more or less resembled "Mad Men".

My question is three parts:

First, why did economic power shift so dramatically and quickly back to the pre-war days as soon as all the veterans came back home? I understand that sexism was the main catalyst, but it's the speed at which it all happened that confuses me?

Second, was there any US lawmaker that tried to fight for women's economic power and independence in the immediate post-war era, or did they all more or less work to serve the returning male vets?

Third, did ANY positive aspect of the rise in female employment rates in war era stay after 1945? (By positive I mean quite literally anything that empowered women economically, whether it be women rising in the workplace, the pay gap was ever so slightly closed, etc.)

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Why is the Julian calendar 13 days off instead of 15?

Measuring from the hypothetical year 0, the Julian calendar has had 15 leap years that the Gregorian calendar didn't- 100, 200, 300, 500, 600, 700, 900, 1000, 1100, 1300, 1400, 1500, 1700, 1800, and 1900. But the Julian calendar is only 13 days off, putting the brief equivalence from March 1, 200 to February 28, 300.

Why was 300 chosen as the "first" skipped leap year, instead of 100?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Reading about some of the grand Allied offensives of Joffre and Haig on the Western Front during WWI, I'm struck by how the infantry breakthrough would be followed by a massive cavalry sweep to exploit it, which did not work. Did cavalry use make strategic sense, or was high command naive?

By strategic sense, I guess I mean like maybe under ideal conditions (like the initial offensive working out as well as intended) the cavalry may have made a decisive impact. In what I'm reading (Robin Prior's The Western Front from the Cambridge History of WWI) it seems that it was highly wasteful and destructively pointless for the cavalry - it doesn't seem like it would have worked at all in modern trench warfare, at least what I got from the chapter.

2 Answers 2020-12-08

During the polio outbreaks of the 1950s, prior to vaccination, were there people who rebelled against basic precautions?

I imagine it was much harder for these people to communicate and congregate than it is today, but I am wondering if there was a population who thought that polio fears were overblown.

Thank you!

1 Answers 2020-12-08

How far back in time would you have to go until someone in England couldn't understand a normal contemporary conversation?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

How much did people in the Ottoman Empire know about the Americas in the 16th century?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

When did the American people and politicians begin to use the word "Democracy" to define the USA?

How has this compared in regards to the usage of the term "Republic"?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Did any explorers from Asian countries visit Australia before the European "discovery"?

Recently I'm reading on viking journeys to America centuries before Columbus. And I became curious if anything like that happened with Australia and explorers from Asian countries. From what I can find online, Australia was first discovered by dutch explorers, but it seems weird to me that countries from South East Asia ( if not farther) weren't at least aware of it's existence before its discovery by the Europeans.

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Looking for very recently published Civil War books to gift my mom for Christmas.

She is most interested in Grant but she likes books about all parts of the war. I’m looking for stuff that is very recent so I know she hasn’t bought it yet. She has most of the volumes of the Grant Papers already but I’ll be checking for good prices on the ones she doesn’t have. Thank you for your help.

2 Answers 2020-12-08

How did the Taiping Rebellion Happen?

How the hell did a guy convince so many people that he was Jesus’s brother, to the point of starting one of the deadliest wars of all time?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

FDR was a big fan of his nightly cocktail hour with friends and family, mixing the drinks himself. This went on in the midst of prohibition. What did Americans think of their president breaking the law?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Abraham Lincoln was self-educated and spent his youth in sparsely populated rural areas. He'd never seen a play before arriving in Washington D.C. and becoming president, but became an avid theatergoer. Was he regarded as uncultured or a bit of a bumpkin by the elites in Washington?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Are the books "Portugal and Africa" and "The decolonization of Africa" from the historian David Birmingham trustworthy and reliable?

Hello, I'm interested in buying those books, but before that I would like to know what you, Historians, that read those books or know the works of David Birmingham have to say. For example, are his works trustworthy or deliver an interesting insight of the subject? Is he a biased historian to a way of thinking that can deturp reality? Something like that. Thank you!

1 Answers 2020-12-08

Mapping the death of the Visigothic Identity

When the Umayyad Caliphate entered Hispania and removed the ruling visigoths from power, only the Kingdom of Asturias remained in the far north. Seeing as pelayo was a Visigoth, the kingdom itself was most likely germanic in its practices, but other people resided in the Kingdom of Asturias, and how did the Visigoths eventually fade from the Iberian peninsula, despite occupying the noble class?

2 Answers 2020-12-08

What happens to kaiser wilhelm ll durring ww2

Did Hitler ever meet him?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

How did early cultures manage to express grammatical and abstract concepts to someone who didn't speak their language?

Let's say I'm a trader in a foreign land, and I'm trying to communicate with the locals. Conveying nouns seems straightforward. If I want to teach them the word "blanket," I point at the blanket I'm selling and say "blanket." They'll likely respond with the word in their language. So far, so good.

Verbs also seem pretty easy. I just do the thing, and then say the word. I walk a bit (or pantomime with my fingers) and say "walk." Simple enough.

Even adjectives don't seem that hard, especially after we have a working vocabulary of nouns and verbs. If they know "blanket" and "rock," I can use that to teach "soft" and "hard."

But how do we get from there to other parts of speech? How would did early cultures communicate grammatical concepts such as "because" or "although" or "therefore" that have no physical equivalent whatsoever?

And what about abstract nouns that have no physical counterpart? Like, I feel as though I could convey "love" or "fear" pretty simply through charades. But what about "duty" or "imagination" or "problem?"

How did we get to a point where all the different languages of the world not only understand each other, but can translate stuff with no direct correlation to the physical world?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

The "Age of Discovery" Is A Term In European History; How Did Places Like India Characterize The Period of Increasing European Contact & Trade?

"Age of Discovery" is just very Eurocentric; what was the Indocentric perception? Did they see it as themselves reaching out or attracting more trade, or an invasive and disrupting force entering their local historical narratives, or what?

2 Answers 2020-12-08

I've heard from some leftists that "there is an argument to be made that Fidel Castro wasn't a dictator". Is there any truth to this?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

How did soldiers maintain discipline in the napoleonic era.

So I read On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society which said it wasn’t uncommon for poorly drilled soldiers to have an aversion to firing, some recorded instances troops where found to have loaded their weapons with musket balls over and over again.

So my question is, if it’s hard enough to get men to fire at the enemy how hard was it get the discipline for mean to stay in formation and give/take volley fire.

I can’t imagine having the discipline to stand in formation as musket balls ripped around me causing Devastating injuries. How did the generals and commanders of these days deal with the psychological aspect of this.

Thanks.

1 Answers 2020-12-08

What are the primary sources for the Holocaust?

I feel I have the moral duty to study this topic after becoming acquainted with online deniers and realizing I'm completely ignorant on that respect. I wanted to know what are the most commonly accepted primary sources, but I was unable to find that information on Google.

2 Answers 2020-12-08

Was the Enigma code broken because the Nazis kept signing all their messages with Heil Hitler at the end?

This is something I've seen all over the net, including reddit, but I don't know if it's a joke or real information. The idea being that is relatively easier to break a cypher if you know the encrypted message and at least a part of a decrypted one. So the fact that the Nazis kept writing Heil Hitler at the end of all their messages allow the Allies to figure out how to decrypt the rest of the messages.

If this is false how did the Allies broke the code, I'm not interested in he math but what were the circumstances which lead them to cracking it?

2 Answers 2020-12-08

I'm Annie Whitehead, British author and historian, and I'll be here to talk about Women of Power in Anglo-Saxon England from 8amET/12pmGMT until 12pmET/5pmGMT. Ask me anything!

Hi, I'm Annie Whitehead, author and historian:

I studied History under the eminent Medievalist Ann Williams. I'm an elected member of the Royal Historical Society and an editor for EHFA (English Historical Fiction Authors.) I've written three award-winning novels set in Anglo-Saxon England, one of which, To Be A Queen about Æthelflæd, Lady of the Mercians, was long-listed for the Historical Novel Society (HNS) Indie Book of the year 2016. I've contributed to fiction and nonfiction anthologies and written for various magazines, including winning the New Writer Magazine Prose Competition. I was the winner of the inaugural Historical Writers’ Association/Dorothy Dunnett Prize 2017. I've now been a judge for that same competition for 2019 and 2020, as well as for the HNS Short Story Competition. My nonfiction books are Mercia: The Rise and Fall of a Kingdom (published by Amberley Books) and Women of Power in Anglo-Saxon England, (published by Pen & Sword Books)

26 Answers 2020-12-08

Why is Churchill simultaneously loved and hated by the British?

Grew up in another European country and I can't say we studied properly British history in school, so I'm not quite familiar with everything he did, besides his participation in WW2. However, I find a lot of controversial opinions regarding him. Was he considered a good PM at the time or not? Has the opinion of the British people changed since?

1 Answers 2020-12-08

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