I vaguely remember this story from college quite a few years back but don't remember the facts well. Could someone fill me in on the story or who he was?

Reading a little on Greek philosophy and have gone from 490 BC to 399 BC and realized I don't know how the Greeks would have counted the years, not knowing that AD was coming. What was their system of dates and did they count from some recognized point in the past?

Given that dual or quad copter designs are so much easier to balance and control and are a fairly logical design, how on earth did helicopters as we know them become the standard vehicle design for VTOL until the recent boom in drones?

I am building a historiography, but it is hard to come across. Do you know about any sources in that regard.

Especially interested in anti-colonial struggles.

Questions I aim to answer are:

• How easily is marxism exportable, how well can it be adapted to local contexts?
• How did its proponents "advertise" the new ideology? Where did this "new" attach itself to the old?

I've been reading about the period of 1915 - 1918 which is when the Great Arab Revolt happened.

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My question is: Arabs revolted against the Ottoman Empire alongside the British and French while at the same time, Arabs fought (Might have been forceful) with the Ottomans against the Colonial forces. How did this split happen in the Arab world where some fought with the Ottomans and some fought against?

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Thank you

Do we know anything about traditional boat designs, navigational techniques, etc?

I have read that the Allies worked hard to confuse Nazi Germany about the execution of D-Day. How did the Nazi high command react when what the Allies were doing became apparent?

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By uniform I mean to ask if someone were to travel all across Europe during this time, how much would the be able to participate in services like Mass and to understand what's happening.

When did people start making paper airplanes and did it predate the airplane craze? Is the modern shape that we fold paper planes into modeled after aircraft or something else?

Greetings everyone, I wanted to ask a simple question regarding the shield grips of the early empire's roman legion. As far as I know is widely accepted that the shield has a simple hand grip like the shield from Dura-Europos and from the writings of Polybius (iirc) but, as a friend made me notice, on some of the metopae of the trajan column the shield looks like it's strapped to the arm, much like Marozzo's Imbracciata in the renaissance. Do we have any further proof on the simple grip usage over some the arm strap?

Most classes of pre-dreadnought and dreadnought battleships until around WW2 (depending on the country somewhat) had at least a few torpedo tubes. What was their tactical function? The heavy artillery of the dreadnoughts had much longer range than the torpedoes would ever have, and if the enemy was close enough for torpedoes someone had already screwed up, as the enemy could shoot some back at you.

Since the war was not that long ago in the 60s i would expect that it would be a kot easier to get your hands on some old Shermans and Panzers. Yet paradoxically, these tanks only started appearing more realistically in later movies!

Victorian era? Or much earlier?

I am writing a story that takes place in a Victorian-like era, and want a young protagonist who engages in interests considered disdainful by traditional society. He is a good-guy, so I'd prefer that these interests were not particularly salacious or violent. Essentially, what was the rock n' roll of the Victorian age?

Rise of the Tomb Raider and Assassin's Creed: Odyssey, plus I'm pretty sure other games I've played but can't remember right now make use of this mechanic but I'm at a loss for how ancient machinery would have any sort of photo-receptive abilities... I'm pretty sure it's just straight up fantasy on the part of the game-makers but I figured I'd ask regardless.

Forgive me if this is the wrong place to ask, but I'm writing a story and I'm having trouble finding this information, any help would be greatly appreciated.

This is a long post, and I greatly appreciate everyone who reads even some of it and every bit of feedback I get. I've been reading through the tagged posts about going into the history field as well, and those have been supremely helpful.

[TL/DR, I'm trans, I don't pass, I have an invisible disability, and I'm an older transfer student who needs to pick languages and an area of focus, like, now]

Some background on my personal situation:

• I'm assigned female at birth (AFAB), visibly queer and visibly trans. I use he/him pronouns, and although it is possible that with more years of testosterone (and probably weight loss, I got hips) I will be presumed male at first glance (called 'passing'), there is really no way to know. I've been on T for almost a year, but everyone reacts to hormones differently and at different paces, and it really takes 3-5 years to know the extent your changes. Passing in my day to day life is not a priority for me, as although I use he/him pronouns in professional and academic settings my identity is more non-binary. I'm at the point now where I get assumptions in both directions as to what my gender is, and cute little kids saying stuff like "Are you a boy or a girl?!" (usually to the mortification of their parents, but I think its great that they, unlike most adults, are thoughtful enough to ask instead of just guess)
• I have invisible chronic illness. My disability impacts my life most severely when it comes to my chronic fatigue and my chronic pain. Those two things mean that I am unable to do many activities, and have to ration my energy carefully. I can not walk long distances, for example when I go to conventions or museums I use a mobility aid - a rollator - and when I fly I ask for a wheelchair at the airport since standing to wait in the line at security or to get on the plane is a no-go. In my day-to-day life currently I don't use a mobility aid, and there is no way to tell that I am disabled by looking at me. I am physically unable to consistently get up earlier than 9am due to how my illnesses work, and spending long days on my feet or walking is such a massive energy drain I could only do it if I could rest the next few days. I also have a generally low tolerance for heat, which makes my fatigue so, so much worse that I end up sleeping 10 hours a day in the summer once it starts to be consistently over 80 degrees. Although things with my health are improving, I will never be fully healthy, and there is no way to know how much will change. At this point I'm just aiming for consistency with my health, to be able to control the dips and reduce volatility.
  • Because of this I have never even tried to do the 7-10 day school trips/study abroads my school does. Money is an issue so I would have had to apply for a scholarship, or maybe gotten extended family to pull together to make it happen, but the truth is I've been terrified of trying to figure things out with my health. Complete control over my transportation and access to both food and rest is a major anxiety point for me, and most of these trips have schedules that include a lot of walking and a lot of early mornings. I probably could've figured something out and made it work, but those two big hurdles plus just dealing with my everyday life and being intimidated by what I don't know about them has meant that I haven't even approached the issue.

Some background on my academic situation:

• I'm 24 years old, and about to graduate with my Associate's in the Social Sciences. (My community college doesn't have a history major.) I've been on and off of college because of above health issues, and have been consistently enrolled in school for a miraculous four semesters. I am currently have a 3.205 GPA and 70 completed credits, with 13 more in progress this semester. I have 18 completed credit hours of 200-level history courses (the highest level at community college, and actually every history course they offer except for the ones that require international trips), as well as the basic 100-level American History class.
• I'm transferring in the fall to get my Bachelor's, majoring in History. I do have some gen-eds still left to take, as much of my community college career was focused on a. raising my dismal GPA and b. taking classes I was interested in to test if I was actually healthy enough for school. But, considering that with the programs I'm looking at I have only about half of the requirements for a history major left, there's lots of things I need to decide quickly. Most of the schools allow up to 8 credits of 200-level work toward the major, and then require the rest be 300+. The schools also all want you to have a focus area. This maps out to about 3 semesters worth of classes in the major, plus whatever gen eds I will need.
• The only language I have is American Sign Language. I have taken up through ASL V, which is the last level before you hit interpreter-focused classes, and therefor it more than counts as my undergrad foreign language requirement, but I don't have any languages yet that will be useful for history. (Some universities don't offer or recognize ASL as a foreign language, but I can appeal. Since I will need other languages anyway for history those will likely fulfill the requirement regardless)
• At this point going to grad school is a given, how and for what I am honestly not sure of yet. I have a deep love for history, but I also get really excited about anthropology and sociology. All of the things I am really interested in are more nebulous, abstract things that often live at the intersection of all three like cultural history, oppression, colonialism & imperialism, or ethnic identity and racialization.
  • What exactly I want to do with these interests is TBD, which is fine. I love educating, I love research, and I love writing, so wherever I end up it will involve those things. Even with the physical limitations I list above, I have lived that hustle life of work and school or 2-3 jobs (to 4 or 5 depending on how you count them...) since I was 16 so the idea of being an adjunct or working freelance for 10 years before finding something full-time I can say with confidence is something I am comfortable with. I'm the kind of person where if I do have a well-paying full-time job it is hard to imagine me not finding other things to do too, like freelancing, volunteering, etc.
  • The single most important qualification for grad school is what kind of health insurance package they will give me. Ideally I will be in grad school in two years, pretty soon after I turn 26, but I may be able to make it work in undergrad for another year after that if I need to.

What I need to figure out:

• In regards to being trans, I feel like I can't reasonably pick certain areas of history. How can expect to effectively research a region if I can't safely travel there? And even if I can technically safely travel there thanks to the protections granted by being American and white, if it is a country where being trans as a citizen is dangerous or illegal, then will cultural barriers make working there prohibitively difficult, especially as an AFAB trans person?
• If I am to travel anywhere, that travel would have to be at a different pace and with different expectations than an able-bodied person. I can't do a $20 hostel to save grant money, I can't just toss on a backpack and rely solely on public transit, my feet, and the generosity of strangers to get me somewhere. I'm industrious and hard working, and would sacrifice time and energy to do something out of the ordinary that I know I would have to physically pay for later if I had to, but I really don't know how much this will affect things long-term. I'm a stellar problem solver - I have to solve problems of access and energy all day, every day. I could figure it out. But will it hurt my prospects, reputation, or opportunities? To travel as a group I would not only have to 'out' myself in the details of my disability in a way I don't typically, but everyone with me would have to move at my pace.

[TL/DR, I'm trans, I don't pass, I have an invisible disability, and I'm an older transfer student who needs to pick languages and an area of focus, like, now]

The sum of it:

I need to pick an area of focus and languages to take, and I need to do it soon.

• What areas/focuses, if anywhere, should be on the 'impossible' list? For example, would is be insane for be to try and learn Arabic or want to research anything in Southeast Asia?
• What am I not considering in how to tailor my education?
• Are any of you trans or disabled? What has your experience been like? How conservative is the cishetero establishment? I benefit from privilege in being white, and from being transmasculine, but being AFAB still has an impact, obviously as does being trans.
• Any general advice? (Beyond "don't get a PhD" or "don't go into academia" which seems to be pretty well trodden in the tagged posts.)

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Thanks everybody <3

Throughout the existence of the Soviet Union the domestic hockey league, the Soviet Championship League, was nearly always won by CSKA Moscow (the Red Army club). The Football league had somewhat more parity but was still dominated by a small number of clubs (Dynamo Moscow, Spartak Moscow, and Dynamo Kiev).

Why did these respective teams dominate each league? Likewise, why was there some degree of parity in the football league while the Red Army club dominated hockey almost without exception? More specifically, while I am aware of some of the obvious advantages the Red Army had (i.e. the literal ability to draft the best hockey players into the army), why did this advantage seemingly not carry over to football?

For example...

• In Judaism God has 72 different name
• Confucius was said to have 72 disciples who fully mastered his teachings
• In the gospel of Luke, Jesus sent out 72 disciples
• King Solomon sealed away 72 demons with The Lesser Key of Solomon
• Each Muslim martyr is said to receive 72 houri
• The Egyptian god Osiris was sealed in a coffin by 72 evil disciples of Set

There are other instances of 72 appearing in religious texts as well. Is there a reason for all this, or is it merely coincidence?