Was Leopold II's 'Congo Free State' an example of imperialism?

So this actually came up in an interview of mine recently, and I was initially taken aback (perhaps wrongly) that I got the impression the academic interviewing me did not seem to consider Leopold II's 'Congo Free State' as an example of imperialism.

I've discussed this with several (non-historians) and they have all tended to conclude it was an example of imperialism. Here are a couple of points raised in favour:

  1. Was awarded to Leopold II at the Berlin Conference in 1885, agreed upon by other European leaders; perhaps not direct Belgian expansionism, but certainly European expansionism
  2. Was justified through 'philanthropic and humanitarian' intentions, possibly be interpreted as imposition of ideals e.g. 'White Man's Burden', seems to be a recurring theme in imperialism - obviously followed by the brutal regime its renowned for
  3. Directly owned by the monarch of a sovereign state, even if not beholden to the government of that state

Several points against:

  1. Not directly owned by Belgium until 1908, completely independent project of Leopold II
  2. Imperialism defined as: ' a policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization, use of military force, or other means' - was not intended for the furthering of Belgium, but rather Leopold (possibly could argue that the eventual transfer of the Belgian Congo to Belgium following international outcry was just shifting from one form of imperialism to another)

Again, just chucking around ideas, any comprehensive answer from someone far more knowledgeable than myself would be appreciated ahahaha

2 Answers 2019-01-09

In book 6, section 4 of Livy's History of Rome he says " a substructure of squared stones was built beneath the Capitol during this year, even amidst the present magnificence of the city, is a conspicuous object." But he does not explain what this building is. Do we know what he's talking about?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Question about Britain after the American Revolution, Did they fix up their act?

I’ve been doing some digging about the American Revolution but I can’t find weather Britain fixed up thief act or not. In other words did Britain continually tax their other colonies after they lost the American Revolutionary War or did they put a tighter grip on their other colonies?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Why are so many pre-modern African bladed weapons so eccentrically shaped?

It's definitely a pattern and I'm not really sure what it stems from - were these really primarily throwing weapons? And if they were - why such unusual shapes, instead of a simple star or boomerang pattern?

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ef/ca/a3/efcaa3a7a15fae6848bc741472793d2d.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/African_throwing_knives_snake_muder.png

https://www.hamillgallery.com/KNIVES/ThrowingKnives/Banda04.jpg

2 Answers 2019-01-09

In Norse society if a warrior was wounded in battle but survived, how would he be treated by his community when he returned home?

How were the battle-wounded and handicapped Vikings treated?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

In a book on a separate subject, the author refers to the first ten years of Russian communism as “a decade of experimental brilliance” that fell apart. Is this true? And if so, what were the hallmarks of this brilliance?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Where did Christians get the idea that Satan rules hell? The Bible is clear that Satan rules the earth temporarily and will be punished in hell at the end of time.

2 Answers 2019-01-09

How many Germans dissagreed with Hitler in the 30's?

What was the climate like? Was anyone opposing him? Anyone fleeing the country?... Asking for a friend

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Why did the United States relenquish control of the Panama Canal?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Is the crisis of masculinity a new problem?

[deleted]

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Is there any consensus among historians on why Britain, in particular, became the birthplace of the Industrial Revolution?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

How can a layman know what is and isn't widely agreed upon on a given historical topic?

Especially on matters where there are lots of stories floating around (such as traditional religious history vs. actual history), how can the average person learn what is and isn't widely agreed upon by professionals?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Short Answers to Simple Questions | January 09, 2019

Previous weeks!

Please Be Aware: We expect everyone to read the rules and guidelines of this thread. Mods will remove questions which we deem to be too involved for the theme in place here. We will remove answers which don't include a source. These removals will be without notice. Please follow the rules.

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39 Answers 2019-01-09

Use of the Iron Ram in the battle of Svolder, how did it work?

I'm doing research on the Battle of Svolder. The one thing that I find hard to understand is how the Iron Ram was used by Eiríkr to 'peel off' Olaf's ships one by one, until only the Long Serpent was left.

How would this 'peeling' work? Did Eiríkr literally wedge his ship between the last two ships in Olaf's line, thereby physically separating the last ship from the rest and then boarded it with superior numbers?

Or was this the case that Eiríkr simply flanked Olaf's line, followed by other support ships, then boarded the furthers ship on the flank and picked off the crews one by one until he reached the Long Serpent?

I've read sources that focus more on this being a flanking maneuver, while others mention wedging in-between Olaf's ships on the flanks. What I find most problematic, I guess, is the plausibility of Eiríkr's ship maneuvering around during the course of the battle to peel off Olaf's ships one by one. What am I missing?

Any chance someone here might be able to clarify this a bit more for me?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Did the eastern european greeks know of the existence of Greek Bactria? Was there any contact between the two?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Were U.S. nuclear missile launch codes set to "00000000" for twenty years?

I've been thinking about this over the past five years, and I'd really like to get historians' perspective on the magnitude of the issue. Here are a couple links to the basic arguments

Pro, from original whistleblowing: https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2013/12/launch-code-for-us-nukes-was-00000000-for-20-years/

Con, including a highly qualified official denial: https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/01/21/air-force-swears-our-nuke-launch-code-was-never-00000000/

I understand there are a lot of nuances involved (and that second article has very many links, not all of which I read through.) So, as a historian, how would you summarize what actually happened here?

And what kind of a risk would you say it presented? Would a rogue missile control officer be able to start World War III? Can they still today presuming the codes have been changed?

How vulnerable to catastrophe do experts say the launch systems are to hacking or other external threats? E.g., if the codes are eight digits long, could they be brute forced by someone with access to a secured network tap?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Many are aware that European settlers transmitted diseases like smallpox and cholera to American Natives, but are there any diseases that were transmitted from Natives to Settlers/ back to Europe?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Peter Waldo and Francis of Assisi were near contemporaries leading similar spiritual movements; how is it one wound up a saint while the other wound up branded a heretic?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Russian apartment bombings, 1999: I have read that the "apartment bombings" that occured between September 4-16, 1999 may have been orchestrated by the Russian government. Is this a theory supported by evidence or a conspiracy like those surrounding 9/11 etc?

The Wikipedia article mentions a botched bomb job at one apartment complex, Russian politicians discussing bombings before they happened and "suspicious" deaths amongst people connected to the investigation into the bombings. I am very curious as to whether or not these bombings can be convincingly described as "false flag" operations by the Russian Government, what the current state of the evidence is etc.

Mods, please remove this if it breaks the Askhistorians rules, as I understand anything related to 1999 is fair game. (Even though the bombings are 'technically' 19.5 years in the past)

2 Answers 2019-01-09

Aircraft gunners damaging their own aircraft?

Hello, r/AskHistorians, when I was watching videos of stukas online, I realised that many combat aircraft of that era had rear-mounted gunners, and on larger bombers there were gunners on ventral turrets etc. How did these gunners avoid damaging their own aircraft? Are there any recorded instances of an aircraft being downed or damaged by its own gunners?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

How did RAF pilot Douglas Bader fly his Spitfire with prosthetic legs?

2 Answers 2019-01-09

Where did high-fives originate from?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Were there any American sympathizers living in Great Britain during the American revolution?

Similar to how there were loyalists in the colonies?

1 Answers 2019-01-09

Were there any interactions between the Ottoman Empire and the Ming Dynasty?

2 Answers 2019-01-09

If spears were generally better than swords, why were swords more popular?

So I am not history buff, but I do find history interesting, and in a recent video (https://youtu.be/uLLv8E2pWdk) I watched it seems to make a fairly convincing case that spears were generally better than swords, so with that what made them take the back seat to swords in most armies? It seems one can train a spearman easier, cheaper and easier to make a spear, and it most cases it is more effective than swordsmen, and a spearman can carry other weapons on their belt if need be.

1 Answers 2019-01-09

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