Of course there was the conquistadors in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries, but recently, they’ve been off the radar since like 1900.

How have they avoided these more recent global conflicts?

Hi all, the title is pretty self explanatory. I recently graduated from Newcastle University (UK) with a first in English Lit and History and won a prize for my dissertation on oral histories of the UK Miners' Strike. I had planned to go on and study archives and records management at masters level, but I decided against it as I am more interested in research than the cataloguing process and administrative work.

I spoke to my university supervisors about studying a research masters (MLitt) here in the UK and continuing my undergraduate research. I'm particularly interested in attitudes toward strikebreaking. My tutors were enthusiastic about it and said a PhD in history can lead to careers in social research, journalism and not just academia. But honestly, my heart lies in research and academia, I'm just wondering if anyone could share their experience on gaining a history PhD and employment afterward?

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Thanks!

I'm reading Brian Garfield's The Thousand Mile War, about WW2 in Alaska. He mentioned that there was a red scare in Washington because of the M-R Pact. Now I'm at the chapter about the ALSIB - Alaska Siberia Lend-Lease route.

"The lend-lease bill was signed into law on March 11, 1941; six weeks later, Hitler's troops had marched across the Russian border, and the United States suddenly had a new and hungry ally. Red scares were forgotten..."

So my question is multiple parts. How big was that first red scare between the signing of the Pact between Germany and Russia, and why did the US offer lend-lease so long before the the USSR got invaded?

And was it different between different classes?

I am thinking of Europeans, but honestly I'd be happy to hear about people from any part of the world.

We're all familiar with the 3rd Reich's stance on race as a construct, but what was Mussolini's reaction to it in his country? Was the Italian fascist project uninterested in the extermination of outgroups?

I know that initially the situation was gloomy for France, but what made them rise to the threat so successfully?

Do they even exist? What diseases would I be at risk of contracting?

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Mainly asking for research and writing purposes (story takes place during medieval times), but how were winters spent in medieval Europe?
Whenever someone got a cold or a sickness during those months, how were they treated? What medicines, herbs, or any other treatments were used?
Also, how did the people stay warm? Any particular foods they ate during winter?

Since the context is the different places that a grizzled sailor has sailed to, I think we can be sure that the passage refers to New Spain in general, rather than Mexico City, which is landlocked.

EDIT: Here is the passage in question, from The Romance of the Pyrenees by Catherine Cuthbertson:

"Thomas, indignant at a punishment his heart told him that he deserved not, quitted England; and, as his native and much-loved Albion lessened to his view, he rashly made the most solemn and awful of vows never more to return. On his voyage to America the transport he was in was wrecked: many of the crew and convicts perished, while he with a few other individuals were saved from the fury of the storm by a Portuguese merchantman on its way from Mexico to Lisbon."

Aside from just saying terrible what was it like to be in a concentration camp and live through it.

Was the native population too small. I never learned about Native Americans ever being enslaved in history class.

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When compared with other engagements, its undoubtedly clear that US pilots and anti-aircraft weapons were highly effective at destroying Japanese fighters and aircraft during the Battle of the Philippine Sea. One account states that "...35 Japanese aircraft were shot down for the loss of a single Hellcat" during the morning of the 19th of June 1944. American aviators began calling it the "Great Marianas Turkey Shoot**".**

Why were they so much more effective during this engagement compared with earlier engagements (midway for example)?

A number of possible reasons: VT proximity fuses? better training of US pilots? Poorer Japanese pilots? Improved aircraft design?

I can't seem to find mechanisms for how the washington naval treaty of 1922 was enforced, were the observers, sharing of blueprints etc? Can't find anything on the topic and i've been searcbjng for a few hours now.