Were there guilds who owned the patterns? Did fashion houses distribute patterns to subcontractors? Did certain patterns 'belong' to certain families, ie were passed down from mother to daughter?

I'm generally curious about the economy and intellectual property of female artisans during the medieval to industrial era.

-was it abusive?

-what started the need for industrialization in the US?

-random information is VERY MUCH WANTED. A workers prospective would be preferred thanks!

Wikipedia tells me: "Genghis Khan and the following Yuan emperors forbade Islamic practices like Halal butchering, forcing Muslims to comply with Mongol methods of butchering animals, and other restrictive decrees continued. Muslims had to slaughter sheep in secret. Genghis Khan directly called Muslims and Jews "slaves", and demanded that they follow the Mongol method of eating rather than the halal method. Circumcision was also forbidden. Jews were also affected, and forbidden by the Mongols to eat kosher." Why was he so bothered by this?

Im trying to figure out who invented the first digital computer but I am getting conflicting answers as I search around. Most places state that the first digital computer was invented by John Vincent Atanasoff. However, the device he created called the Atanasoff–Berry computer was invented in 1937, one year after Alan Turing invented his Turing Machine. No clue what I'm missing here.

I hear about battles being so hard fought and dangerous, yet the US (seemingly) easily flew two planes into Japan mainland and dropped nukes on them.

What was the context for this mission? Was it stealth based? Or did we just take a very brazen step and broke rules of engagement in an otherwise unprotected area to do this?

Years ago (I can't remember where I saw it) I read a claim that the removal of fishing quotas by the Reagan administration resulted in massive overfishing and was a determining factor in the subsequent collapse of East Coast fisheries.

Is this true, and could I get some more details please? Thanks!

The estimated victims of the Holocaust is numbered around 11 million. Whenever specifics are mentioned, they usually refer to the 6 million Jews murdered as well as 3 Million Soviet POWs, numerous Romani, mentally disabled, and gay victims. However, does the number also include victims outside these characteristics? Like civilians killed in air raids and anti-partisan massacres?

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I've got a good bit of Acadian heritage, but sadly my knowledge of my ancestors is rather limited. All I know about the Acadians has come from my (Acadian) grandparents and some Wikipedia reading. Can anyone point me towards a book that covers the general history of the Acadians and our expulsion? Thanks.

In Hew Strachan's 'The First World War', in the Global War chapter, he mentions that one title used was the 'Great European War' and that some have described it as a European civil war. I was hoping someone could help me find some source's which actually support this argument.

Dumb question, but none of the allies or the axis wore ear protection during WWII. Constantly firing rifles at eachother, how did it affect their ears?

I get that he is an important figure to the revolution. I just find it interesting that with the exception of President's day, where we celebrate Washington and Lincoln's birthdays, the calendars all specifically mark Thomas Jefferson as well. I would think they would also mark Ben Franklin, John Adams, and other American Revolutionaries. Why do you think TJ is the only one still noted, and not others?

There was a TIL today about Hebrew being only a religious language from 200 CE to ~1880. If that's accurate, are there any similar instances?

I was mainly thinking about Turkey at the moment actually, but i imagine this could also apply to when:

• Iran turned into an Islamic republic

• the Chinese Communist Party took over

• Italy went fascist in the world wars

What did the citizens do? Was there popular support? Did people make do or flee? What kinds of people did what? I'm imagining a brain drain of sorts where more liberal academics would need to flee from an authoritarian regime seeking to restrict ideas and criticism. Are there common threads across them?

I am a primary teacher and am unsure as to whether I should be referring to a printed image of the portrait tapestry/embroidery as a primary source or a secondary source.

Thanks for your help!

Hello, r/AskHistorians. Here is a little beforehand context on my question:

I was talking with a friend about the post-WW1 Germany and specifically with the German Communist movement/November Revolution and the middle class's fear of seizure of property if the communists ever came into power.

In my own reading of communism, anarchism, and other political ideologies on the left, i've often come into contact with the distinction between "personal" and "private" property whenever a text or ideology mentions the abolition of private property.

However, my friend mentioned that the German communists, and communists in general at the time, wanted to abolish all property (e.g. homes AND factories) and communalize it. I am not well versed on the history of communist ideologies, and so I am curious about this.

I've looked for information on this topic, but can't seem to find a good explanation of it. I would greatly appreciate in-depth sources on this subject matter for reading. Thanks, in advance.