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What material material were their utensils/plates made out of? What kinds of ovens/stoves did they have access to?

I recently realized that I have only half-baked ideas of why all of this Islamic extremism is happening now. I've heard everything over the last 20 years from "they hate our excess" to "Capitalism" to "The US started it by interfering in the 80s/90s" to "They feel Allah demands it", and while I know it is complex and long, I would love for someone who has more knowledge to give me the history of what led to this Islamic terrorism we experience today.

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I've done some research but most books are focused upon other topics, rather than when the idea for the Holocaust was decided upon, can anyone give any suggestions?

I'm most interested in the PRC, but I'd like to hear about others as well.

When we try to reproduce what the music sounded like can we be certain when we play it that the scale and tones are accurate?

I've always been curious about Queen Victoria's strong aversion to feminism ("Feminists ought to get a good whipping"). Was there some specific identifiable group of feminists she was reacting to, or did she generally really just hate anyone who advocated for women's rights? Did she have any interactions with feminist groups or feminist writers at the time?

Also, I understand Queen Victoria felt strongly that women should not be in a position of power. How did she reconcile that with her own position as Queen? I believe I read once that she said she didn't consider herself really a woman, but was somehow blessed with the brain of a man. Towards the end of her reign, did she ever soften her stance towards feminism or concede that other women might have the same abilities that she had?

What are some books like The Conquest of New Spain that go into detail about first hand accounts of indigenous people, their culture, religions especially, etc? From first contact up through the 19th century

I recently heard that Tibetan society was exploitative at the turn of the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th, but it seems like there is a lot of disinformation out there, so you're my best chance of getting real information.

What was it like to be a Jew or a Muslim or an open Atheist or non-religious person around the founding of the US? Were these people treated as equals since the US was founded upon religious freedom or were they discriminated against? Were these people easily able to come to America and practice their faith or display their lack of faith openly?

I recently took a visit to the Vatican Museums, and I found the Gallery of Maps to be fascinating. I couldn't help but be amazed at how detailed and accurate most of the maps were. I also have a small fascination with "old" maps in general and ancient exploration.

That said, how did these explorers chart such detailed maps? Did they employ the services of a special cartographer who would document every book and cranny of a new land?

Thanks!