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On a related question, what was the probability of a peasant speaking another language?

Any period or place might work, though, I do have some extra interest in England and Scandinavia.

I recently went to Chaco Canyon in the States and found out that there was Toucan feathers found at the site, what would have been that trade route from Guatemala?

I'm mainly thinking of Mediterranean and English isles cities, but any example are incredibly welcome.

I'm doing some worldbuilding and in creating temperate island cultures, I realised I didn't know how much land would be needed to sustain population centers and if their was some ratio (environmentally and geographically based ones) of so many acres per group.

I wanna start reading more about this sorta stuff. I am very interested in WW1 and WW2 (both politically and militarily), but also in general military history as well as in small details like the organization and equipment of various divisions, the airforce and navy. There exist millions of books about all these subjects, but which would you suggest? I am german so books about Germany specific or books in German are welcomed, but english is also okay. Also, other countries are good, too.

Thanks in Advance!

EDIT: As well as books about technical details and performance of tanks, planes, ships, etc.

I know this is ALOT to cover, but I just don't know where to begin!

There's that old quote that history is written by the victors, but for much of American history, and to a certain extent till today, a narrative extremely sympathetic to the South dominated civil war historiography. With the Dunning School and "Lost Cause" mythology dominating for the majority of US history since the civil war (100 or so years until the 1960's with it changed only in the 50 years since), how did this happen? How did the side that lost the war get to so conclusively rewrite history to be favorable to them?

Was it as bad as people joke about? Like the Germans just walked in with no problem? or did the French really put up a fight?

The creation of the European Community and subsequent European Union was partially an attempt to consolidate european nations into one entity that wouldn't need to rely entirely on the United States, correct? How successful was that venture?

I know there's a 20 year rule here so we can make the range from the start of the 70s to the fall of the Soviet Union.

In high school, I took advanced level world history. Then the teacher specified and said we were learning Western history. I was excited, curious as to when we'd learn the other part of history. The school year ended and the only time we talked about not-western history was when we learned the world religions.

I was disappointed. "Why is it called world history when we explicitly left out half of the world?".

I'm in the USA, btw. So why is there so much emphasis on western civ in world history classes? Everything I know about Asian and African history came from traveling and random moments of learning in my life. I know even less about Oceania. I feel embarrassed.

Any sources on this? Particularly 1590-1610?

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Say there was a fight going on and some spectator fell into the pit of the arena, either accidentally or on purpose.

Would the unfortunate victim be brought back on the stands or would he have no choice but to endure gladiatorial combat?

Are there any records of spectators falling into the gladiator arena's either on purpose or accidentally?

Sorry if this is a silly question. Just curious.

So I understand the way admiral rank progressed through the squadrons. Rear admirals would progress through blue, white, and red, then Vice blue, white, red, and then "full" Admiral blue white red, eventually becoming the only Admiral of the Red.

But did squadrons actually provide a functional grouping like Fleets? Did the "Squadron of the Blue" have a specific operating theater? Were the admirals of one squadron dispatched with their fleets in a particular type of duty? Or did it exist purely to establish rank and seniority among high command?

Newton's Principia, first published in 1687, seems like it might be on the late end of that era; by Darwin's time, less than 200 years later, there was presumably no question that On the Origin of Species would be written and published in English. So what was the last one?

I'm decently familiar with Civil War as a whole, but we have been covering it again in my AP U.S. History class and I got into a (civil) debate with my teacher and some other students over this. They argued that because Grant eventually prevailed, he was the better tactician. I disagreed with this wholeheartedly, and I said if Lee had the resources Grant had, Lee would have wiped the floor with Grant. Even with every advantage the Union had over the Confederacy, Lee still put up one helluva fight. I'd even go as far to say if Lee simply had the numbers (leave the better equipment, leave the railroads used by the Union) he would have won. I'd also like to say for the record that I do not support slavery in any way, shape or form (neither did Robert E. Lee himself). Anyways, what's the general consensus by historians much more knowledgeable than I?