I have been reading about the natural barriers of the Roman Empire and through reading I became curious about the Julio-Claudian emperors. Was there any frontier policies put in place or was it just going along as things happened?

In India: a history, John Keay states there is evidence of trade between the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia. To what extent was there cultural influence between them?

Sorry if this is a stupid question, but the B2 and the Horten both look extremely similar.

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Of the few people who've rejected the Nobel prize. For example were brilliant chemists from the 1900's such as Richard Kuhn and Adolf Butenandt that rejected the prize due to involvement with the Nazi party. Not to mention Domagk who miraculously cured his own daughter with protonsil, again winning the prize but forced to refuse it and arrested by the Gestapo.

Why did the Nazi party not want german scientists to receive recognition?

Several questions:

Was there any notable problem with Japanese-Americans prior to these internment camps? Was there a notable rise or fall in radicalization (domestic or foreign) in response to the internment of Japanese-Americans? How did this effect Japan's populace in regards to anti-American sentiment when they learned of these camps?

Do we have enough evidence to know if he was a real person?

Since the Romans were losing tens of thousands of men during the war, how could they raise armies consisting of tens of thousands of men after devastating losses like Cannae ? What percentage of the eligible male population died during the war?

It sounds like quite the parable about populism, which makes it very interesting but also raises my skepticism about simple and pat explanations of history.

Aside from physical changes, what could I expect to change in terms of my daily life, activities, or community expectations from the early stages of pregnancy up until shortly after giving birth?

I've heard that many Russians(especially the elderly) feel that life in the Soviet times was better than life in Russia now. It seems that the Soviets had quite good welfare/medical care/free education systems on paper, but did it really work well in real life?

Can you recommend good Chinese Civil War books to me? I'm not interested in Maoist or right wing interpretations of the conflict, I just want some resources for comprehensive history of Chinese Civil War. The reason why I don't want politically biased accounts is because I'm Polish and the most butchered retellings of Polish history have been created by the ideologues.

I'm wondering if there were established opposing political parties in Ancient Rome, specifically in the first hundred years or so of the decline of Rome. If so, what were their basic platforms? If you have knowledge of the political histories of other great civilizations during their declines, feel free to chime in! Thanks!

I just recently read the chapter in Persian Fire where the Athenians have defeated the Persians at the Battle of Marathon only to notice that Athens is in danger and they have to run the full 26 miles back to home. Based on my understanding, they ran that distance with 80lbs worth of armor and equipment. What did they do to be in such good shape that they were capable of doing that?

I grew up Catholic, but am not an active participant now.

My priors are that the conception of the clergy and the Pope in particular as being wise, holy men who care for and shepherd their flock is very modern and would not be the perspective of many religious people in Medieval Europe. In particular, I assume that the Pope would see himself as a monarch of a government and the clergy as his bureaucracy across the kingdom. (Side note, I would assume that monks in monasteries would be seen as more faithful, but maybe they would be thought of as more like professors, who we often joke about today as being disconnected from reality and not concerned with what is really going on.) These leaders could also have faith or they could sinisterly feel that they were committing a great heist. Essentially, I have a very cynical perspective on the old church.

Now, my main question is whether there is any evidence that the leaders thought of themselves as rulers, not as being icons of morality? A follow-up, is there any evidence (diaries, letters, etc) of leaders who explicitly said they felt they were tricking the world for gain with the cover of faith?

I'm primarily thinking of Popes like John XII, Benedict IX, Sixtus IV, Julius II, etc. My assumption is that the answer to the first question is, "Obviously, yes, because they competed like any count" and my assumption is that the answer to the second question is, "There are many accusations of ill will, but no direct evidence, because the only writing that has survived is political writing from when they played the game."