Hey all,

I was wondering if one could direct me to some primary sources that discusses the development of spartan's soliders? I have looked at Lycurugs, but what are some other options I should explore to learn more about this topic? Thanks!

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In most countries blue is more conservative and red is more liberal.

From what I understand Imperium referred to both military rule and legal rule. I'm guessing that, for the Aediles and Praetors this referred more to the legal component. But are there any instances of Aediles and/or Praetors leading armies when either of the Consuls weren't available?

Why Germany couldn't held a war of resistance using militias against the Allies, even though the German deep forests seem a good place to organize this kind of warfare? What did the Allies made different before the invasion, so they didn't have to face a resistance opposition, as Germany did when it invaded Poland and France?

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As someone whose kind of obsessed with A Song of Ice and Fire + ancient Rome, this comparison stumped me.

The way I understand it, July (named after Julius) and August (named after Augustus) were added into the calendar year, but placed in the middle. This made September (sept- = 7), October (oct- = 8), November (n-? = 9), and December (dec- = 10) no longer the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th months, but the 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th months. Why is this the case? Why were July and August not added to the end of the year?

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Personally, I think they did go back to Croatoan Island, but wouldn't we have some of their names as people's ancestors in our records?

What do you think happened to the colony?

I'm writing a novel that takes place in the 1800s in Ireland. Given that I don't live in the 1800s I'm having trouble with some of the historical accuracies. I'm running into the most trouble with currency.

I couldn't find any information about the different denominations, and how much they were worth in regards to todays standards. Also with the terms that they used such as Guineas, Shillings, etc.

If anyone could help that would be much appreciated!

Within the fantasy genre, whether literature, movies, video games, etc., dwarves are predominately depicted with Scottish accents, being members of clans, and a variety of other Scottish stereotypes.

When did this depiction first occur? Is it something that began in the past few decades, or does it have a much longer history?

In the 1840s an expedition to find the Northwest Passage was lost with all hands. One of the two ships, the Erebus, was found in 2014. The other, the Terror was just recently discovered. The names of the ships struck me as rather grim, particularly because these ships were never the baddest thing on the sea.

Was it customary to name ships in this way? Was this naming peculiar to Britain? Why did the convention change?

My question is actually rather short. When was the last effective cavalary charge. Not the last time cavalary was used, but the last time they archived their goal in a way that can be called a sucess. And not just a technical victory.

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There seem to be a large discrepancy between what I was taught in school and how it is generally portrayed in Internet discussions and U.S. based media.

For reference, I was taught (9th grade, Sweden) that the U.S. involvement was mainly supplying Allied troops through lending/leasing of fuel and materiel and supplying troops to the Normandy landings, which was just the coup de grâce of an all but defeated Germany.

I am working on a doctoral dissertation in which I am comparing certain aspects of history education in China, Germany and the United States. I'd like to get my hands on the history textbooks an average American high school student might come across during his or her high school studies. I have some questions:

1. I’m under the impression that history education at high school level is incorporated under the umbrella term “social science” . Am I correct to assume that this does not mean, however, that all subjects under this umbrella (sociology, political science, history etc.) are not taught simultaneously in the same course and during the same classes, but rather so that there are still “history” courses for example?

2. At what administrative level are the targets and plans of history education formulated; nationwide, states individually or at county level for example?

3. Where can I acquire teaching plans and curricula as well as information about the contents, aims and targets of individual courses?

4. How many history courses are there and is there variation between states/counties/schools?

5. Which of these course are mandatory, which ones are optional and is there variation between states/counties/schools?

6. Where do the textbooks used in history classes originate from and is there variation between states/counties/schools?

7. Are the textbooks publicly available and is there variation between states/counties/schools? Do teachers have their own separate books which include pedagogical advice, additional information etc? If so, are they also publicly available?

8. Would the best option atm be to contact schools in (a) certain area(s) and ask the teachers in schools in that area which books they are using and then get my hands on those?

Thanks for the answers already in advance.

I've often viewed Gildas as an unreliable source in the past, primarily as his work is more akin to a sermon than a chronicle. I was just wondering what modern academia makes of it, particularly on the chapter "The Coming of the Saxons".

japanese and westerner relations were strictly dating, non marriage for many years until racism and bitterness died off?

I realize I have a long way to go, but I'd like to have somewhere to start my search rather than just looking school by school. To narrow my interest, specifically I am interested in the reign of terror and the role of the press in the French Revolution, but a method or tool for finding programs would be more helpful than a suggested program because others could benefit as well. Thanks!