I am researching the Catholic Church's opposition to astronomysort of like how they were against Galileo) and was wondering if you had any recommendations.

There is some confusion as to the scope of what I was asking. Here is some clarification I posted below:

My main question was really how antiquated identities have effected popular and political culture of Germany since unification. Are there areas where Saxons and Bavarians (for example) rib each other based on shared history, do their politicians often see things differently in political discourse, things like that. Here in the US, we have strong senses of identity wrapped up in being from particular areas of the country and the history each has inherited, I was wondering if it is similar for the Germans.

Also note that I'm not necessarily talking about Germany today, but just the ways in which the German people view regional identity compared with national identity.

Before the Xi'an Incident, his focus seemed to have been on finishing the civil war. But what about after the civil war? Did he have a plan for retaking Manchura after the Communists were no longer a threat?

In The Revenant (book), there are several instances of dogs being eaten as a luxury foodstuff. The Pawnee are specifically mentioned as being in the habit of eating dog once in a while.

Outside of feasting or "special times," what was their relationship to their dogs? Were they pets? Guard dogs only? Did they participate in hunts? Or were they much like free-range chickens - just kind of low maintenance "meat on the hoof."

My math teacher said that the Nazi concentration camps for 5 years.

5 years = 1,826 days

1,826 days = 43,824 hours

43,824 hours = 2,629,440 minutes

6,000,000 Jews divided by 2,629,440 minutes = 2.281 a minute ??

What were the Redcross numbers?

I apologize beforehand if this doesn't belong here but I am THOROUGHLY confused and need help.

At my gym, there is a guy from Kazachstan. I am good friends with him. But some of the stuff he says appears completely wacky to me.

So for him, basically everything bad happening to Russia is either a jewisch conspiracy or something instigated by other corrupt elites. Here are some pointers:

Ivan the Terrible was only called that way because he killed some 300 nobles who were about to fuck up Russia.

Any truth to this?

Germany was armed up by the English Empire to go and eradicate Communism.

This doesn't make any sense to me. Why would Germany attack France and start a huge air battle with the Empire?

Other points include very apologetic perspectives on Stalin's policies, how countries like Georgia couldn't even record their own culture because they had no language before Russian came along.

He has a lot of good character traits but his history tirades are kind of tiresome sometimes. He sounds like an conspiracy theorist. But here is the thing. I see him read about all that in books he always brings along. And says how this or that historian went into some archives and discovered the TRUTH. I am sorry, my Russian is non existant, I will try to provide the names though.

What I am asking I guess is... Are some of the points I listed legitimate views to have, based on what we know?

I asked a russian friend I have who studies history and she said something bad happened once in USSR days that freaked some people out but no one talks about it for fear of denunciation or what not. It's very difficult to get a clear picture.

Good evening

As my title says I would like to ask if someone could advice me very good source of informations about Ottoman Dynasty (websites, books, e-books and etc.).

I am really interested in Ottoman Dynasty history since a time of first Osman till today and how ended Ottoman Dynasty. I would be really happy if you guys could be able to refer me something.

I will be happy to hear about something :-)

If not, is it because Western languages are somehow intrinsically simpler, or because the political willpower did not exist?

Just to make clear, by no mean do I mean to offend anyone by this question, it only occurred to me and one of my friends while listening to Bob Marley. Did black people in Caribic evolve separately from the ones in Africa even if they never came into contact with one another or are the black people that currently live there descendants from the Africans brought there as slaves?

Pretty much as the title says.

Wondering how long the full burka (or any variation of face/body covering Muslim veil) has been around? I know that the chadri in Afghanistan only came in after the Taliban came to power. Are Muslim veils more popular now than they were in the past?

This will be a collection of questions about gaps in my knowledge of medieval warfare (specifically western European warfare in the high and late middle ages)

1)Who made up the bulk of an army? 2)Did the bulk of the army willingly join or were they conscripted? 3)What was the rough age range between soldiers in the army? 4)How would non-noble soldiers show their allegiance? Would they wear the arms of their lord or their king? 5)Would non-noble soldiers be given any equipment by their lord?
6)When soldiers are depicted as having arms on their shields, would they paint this on themselves or be given the shield? 7)How did mercenaries show their allegiance? 8)Could a noble have nearly anything on their arms? As in, we're they allowed to put whatever charges they wanted to on their arms?

I may have more questions later, but that's all for now.

Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Finland have overwhelming Lutheran roots, but other countries surrounding Germany, i.e. France, The Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Austria, the Czech Republic, and Poland have all been predominantly Catholic, with virtually no Lutheran presence today. How did such a sharp disparity come about?

My understanding comes entirely from wikipedia which states the following.

The process of gibbing was invented by Willem Beukelszoon[1] (aka Willem Beuckelsz, William Buckels or William Buckelsson), a 14th-century Zealand Fisherman. The invention of this fish preservation technique led to the Dutch becoming a seafaring power.[2]

Sometime between 1380 and 1386,[3] William Buckels of Biervliet in Zeeland discovered that "salt fish will keep, and that fish that can be kept can be packed and can be exported".

Buckels' invention of gibbing created an export industry for salt herring that was monopolized by the Dutch. They began to build ships and eventually moved from trading in herring to colonizing and the Dutch Empire.>

Gibbing sounds like a fairly simple technique to me. Is it not?

Did the Dutch keep it secret?

Or was a simple head start in perfecting the production technique enough to establish them as a monopoly?

I read The Art of War in the Middle Ages by Charles Oman a week ago and in the Chapter "The Early Middle Ages" Oman ends the chapter with this statement (directly taken from the book itself):

"Politically retrogressive as was that system, it had yet its day of success: the Magyar was crushed at Merseberg and the Lechfeld, and driven back across the Leith, soon to become Christianised and grow into an orderly member of the European commonwealth. The Viking was checked in his plundering forays, expelled from his strongholds at the river-mouths, and restricted to the single possession of Normandy, where he — like the Magyar — was assimilated to the rest of feudal society. The force which had won these victories, and saved Europe from a relapse into the savagery and Paganism of the North and East, was that of the mail-clad horseman. What wonder then if his contemporaries and successors glorified him into the normal type of warriorhood, and believed that no other form of military efficiency was worth cultivating ? The perpetuation of feudal chivalry for four hundred years was the reward of its triumphs in the end of the Dark Ages."

The entire chapter revolves with Oman claiming that the "Horse Warriors" defeated the Vikings, Magyar, and other enemies and thus was came the Honor of being legendary chivalrous "Knights in Shining Armor" for saving Christianity from being lost". In addition the same chapter also stated that it was the Horse Warriors expelled various foreigners that were bent on conquering Europe during the Middle Ages including the Turks,Arabs,Mongols and many others.

So practically Oman implies the reason the Knights became the stuff of Legends is because it was Warriors on Horseback who saved Christianity from being lost as Pagans waged wars on the Catholic Church and it was they who preserved Europe and saved the continent from Foreign invasions.

Can anyone here put their own input? How accurate is Oman's concluding statement to the chapter?

I ask because Mosaic law seems to command that pagans shouldn't have been allowed to live among Jewish communities but I imagine that would have been unrealistic/problematic to maintain throughout the Kingdom of Israel.

I am mainly interested in post-Stalin USSR, because of the changes that occurred after him. But if the Stalinist era also had a lot of empowerment for non-Russians, I'd be interested to hear about it!