I am aware that Irish immigrants were treated poorly by English-Americans but did it ever go further than that? Thanks.

I realize that the American Civil War could very well be considered total war (in which all of a nation's resources, civil and military, are geared toward the objective of winning the war), but what policies were enacted or lobbied for/against, that were unrelated to either the war or slavery?

In other words, what would Lincoln be known for if the Civil War had not occurred?

I can imagine a gladiator would cost too much to "keep" to just allow them to die on a regular basis.

Is my line of thought correct or is Hollywood right on this one?

Both the Ottoman and Russians has certain claims on the relics of the body of Empire but how did they assert themselves as such?

This is the Autobiography of the founder of the Mughal empire, Zahiru'd-din Muhammad Babur Padshah Ghazi.

Any other recommended reading for this empire would be great!

How did "President" come to be the title of choice for many heads of state?

As an American I'm familiar with "President" as the nom-de-jure of a national chief executive, and I'm passingly familiar with the title in a corporate context, but I don't know which preceded which.

Was it a professional term that bled into politics, or vice versa? Were corporatists evoking a political slant or were politicians invoking a corporate angle, or something else entirely? Did Americans coin it as a political title? If so, was it internationally adopted before America's ascendancy as a post World War II superpower? Am I completely off base for situating the title in an American context?

I understand that Greek hoplites and pre-Marian Roman legionnaires have to buy their own military equipment, but judging from the fact that Alexander and his successors managed to maintain a standing army of phalangites, it doesn't seem too likely that they have to purchase and maintain their own equipment. However, it's also questionable that Alexander had a good supply train required for this. So, how did the Phalangites get their gear?

Was just wondering this.

Thanks

Okay, so I have read that Spain was under an admittedly fascist governmental rule from 1936 until the early 70s. My question is, how come they didn't join the Axis powers, when their ruling style was closer to that of Hitler, Mussolini, etc.?

I've heard 3 theories, and I'm wondering if any, or all have credence.

1. Spain's leader (Franco, Francisco?) refused to subscribe to the anti-Semitic mindset that Hitler & Stalin imposed (this one seems strange, because I'm honestly having trouble believing that a fascist government wouldn't persecute the Jewish population in order to make powerful allies).
2. They didn't believe that the Axis would've won (this one seems odd to me as well, because prior to the US/USSR joining in, wouldn't it seem like the Axis were going to emerge victorious?).
3. This one seems the most plausible to me personally: They just weren't stable enough to fight the French/British/etc., as a result of their civil war.

If there are other theories that are more valid, please do include those; and if any of these are completely inaccurate theories, please do explain why!

I'm going to university soon (still haven't chosen what major or what university) and I'm thinking of becoming a historian - but only if I could specialise in East Malaysian history. Is this possible? Since there are no written texts in the perspective of a native East Malaysian (my mum said we used to communicate only verbally) should I consider becoming an archeologist so I could study objects instead of reading materials that were written by non-natives in a biased perspective? I know this is kind of a naive and dumb question but I tried Google and it didn't really help me that much.

I know the queen technically approves the parliaments, and can veto bills, but if she did so it would almost certainly be the last time she was able to, but who was the last monarch who wasn't just a figurehead of the state that the monarch is today.

I never understood that.

Not sure if this is a question better suited for /r/askscience , but prior to the invention of steam power how did wooden ships manage sailing against the wind? It seems like using only sails, they'd be completely at the mercy of whichever way the wind was blowing.