I've just finished reading Thucydides "History of the Peloponnesian War" (the Penguin Classics edition, translated by Rex Warner) and of course it doesn't include what happens at the very end of the war (after 411 BC) since Thucydides didn't get that far. The last part it gets to is the Athenian Victory at Cynossema and it literally finishes mid-sentence!

I know that Xenophon finished off the account, but does anyone know if that is actually available as a book on its own (it would be nice if it was also a Rex Warner translation, for consistency). If anyone has the actual title of the book that covers this that I may be able to find on a bookshop's shelves too then I'd appreciate it!

(I do have Kagan's one-volume Peloponnesian War book as well and I'm sure all the missing events from the end are covered in there - but I'd like to have a translation from the original source to go with Thucydides as well!)

I've always assumed it was Western European historians who couldn't accept the fact that the Roman Empire continued for centuries after the Western Roman Empire fell.

There were many Zoroastrian communities living under Roman rule during the time of Paul. Why didn’t early Christians focus on converting them? Was their political ramifications for Christians challenging Zoroastrianism?

Did early Jews view Zoroastrians as believers in the same god? They must have had contact with Zoroastrian believers during their exile to Persia.

Did either the Jews or the early Christians recognize the similarities between their religions and Zoroastrian beliefs?

I know it's not a historical work, but I was a curious how realistic the scene in Lord of the Rings was when King Theoden at Helm's Deep ordered that anyone fit to hold a sword was to be sent to the armory, and we see everyone from old men to young boys being fitted with chain mail, helmets, and spears, swords, axes; anything that could be scraped up. Was that a thing that just happened? Were peasant militias common and if they were what would they realistically have been armed with?

Did one tale develop from the other, or is there a certain kind of naval danger that tends to cause these tales of warning to develop?

The other day, I was talking to a friend about how we teach history in school (IE grades 1-12.) I thought about the fact that "conventionally," people living centuries to millennia apart are grouped into the same era, despite living in societies that would be fundamentally alien to one another, not to mention potentially closer to a "different" era.

I know that there are some "periods" that cover the end of one of the "conventional" periods and the start of another (e.g. Late Antiquity,) but do academic historians still use general categories like Ancient, Medieval and Modern? Are these seen as dated or presentist? If they are used, what practical purpose do they serve, and what meaningfully separates one period from its successor?

I'm looking for book recommendations on the history of Anglo-Saxon England, and especially one covering their conflicts with the Danes from the time the Danes landed in England (c. 793) to the end of the reign of King Eadred (c. 955), but would prefer a more complete history. More specifically, I am looking for a book that presents this from a historical narrative rather than a specifically archaeological perspective. So far, I have found some books that may fit the bill, but am open to suggestions.

The Viking Wars: War and Peace in King Alfred's Britain, by Max Adams

The Anglo-Saxon World, by Nicholas Highman

The Northern Conquest: Vikings in Britain and Ireland, by Katherine Holman

Viking Age England, by Julian Richards (definitely a very archaeology-based book)

I also looked at The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England by Michael Lapidge, though it is a reference book, but I found some complaints that it focuses almost exclusively on Christian England traditions, cultures, and norms.

Thank you!!!

What did men/ women in history have to do to become Emperors or Empresses? Did they have to conquer a specific amount of land? or did they just declare themselves just for the sake of it?

Also what stopped counts or countesses with no liege from declaring him/herself, Emperor or Empress

I know the Gauls were known for their smithing but how was the ore found, who own the mines etc

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I am reading about the eyres (how do you pronounce this, as a side question?) which moved around England dispensing justice in 13th century England.

They visited each area around every 7 years to hear criminal cases.

Given the lag between the crime and the court hearing, I have a few questions:

What proportion of criminals were actually caught in the 13th century?

If they were caught, were they imprisoned until the eyre came round 7 years later? If they weren't imprisoned, did they just abscond?

Where were the prisons? Were they in the local castle? How long a sentence would there be for different crimes? Did the convicted have to pay for their living expenses while in prison?

Thank you.

Edit: typo

Wondering what is the real reason for the invasion of the GULF War, Iraq?

There is one story where Jesus reads the Torah at a synagogue, implying he should have been able to read hebrew. There are other stories of the bible which mention Jesus writing, although they don't specify in what language, just that the people understood it, implying it was greek or latin. Finally he speaks with roman soldiers and officials in a couple of occasions, implying he could speak latin

Now, a person knowing several languages is perfectly believable, even more considering how culturally diverse that region of the Roman Empire was at the time, but about reading and writing?

If a carpenter back then wanted his son to learn to read and write, what could he do?, could he afford a school?, were the public schools?. And even if there were, would they teach several languages?

Another thing to consider is that the Gospel of Thomas mentions Jesus going to school to learn the greek alphabet (after having killed or blinded a bunch of people). In the gospel it is implied this is like a public school where anyone can go

This gospel was written many decades after the life of Jesus, but I suppose life had not changed that much. If the author mentions a village having a public school maybe there really were public schools back then, I don't know

At the Dunbar Cave State Park in Tennessee, there is a sign recognizing some of the slaves owned by the former owner of the land. The first one is named Emperor, which makes me wonder who would have given him this name and why. Are there other cases of slaves with similarly grand names?

As someone who has indoctrinated relatives I can see how easily the psychological affects can take hold of any individual which means there is no exception for African Americans. But, it's still wild to me that there hasn't been more of a resistance, or atheistic revolution.

I understand that a minority of African Americans adopted Islam (Malcolm X) to restore the culture that had been taken from them, and it is also my understanding that black Israelites claim Islam is their religion and/or they are the lost tribe of Israel, but regardless, Christianity has been the dominant religion among African Americans

We know that Europeans believed it was their duty to save barbaric peoples by converting them to Christianity, but this is from the European side. I want to know from the African American side.

I would assume that when enslaved African Americans were kept captive on the properties of slave owners the only reading material they had access to was the bible. Since the captors believed in Christianity, they probably spoke religiously to the enslaved often, which would be one way of African Americans internalizing Christianity.

But also, the slave owners used the enslaved to teach their youth. Likely, the bible as the preferred material, allowing African Americans to have access to these stories. Since people love literature, and given the bible was the (most likely) the only source given to African American communities a commonality and culture is formed. Even illiterate people can pass down biblical stories, though word of mouth so it becomes something to latch on to.

These incidences would exponentially increase the amount of "believers" in clusters of African American communities making it the dominate religion for them, with any resistance in the future not able to penetrate the culture because A.The profound effects of religion on the mind; B. The ongoing racism and destruction of humanistic endeavors among African American communities; C. Americans as a whole believing in Christianity.

Please, help me get my facts straight! Also, I've read a few black atheists with this very same question, and this has been puzzling to my wife (not American or black).

Currently, I am studying the Treaty of Jaffa between Richard I and Saladin. What happened due to this peace treaty and why was it significant then and now?

Given the similarities in principles and operations/logistics of public education and universal healthcare, I find it interesting and perplexing that one is seen as a staple (in fact less than 10% of K-12 students attend private schools) and another being such a contentious issue. Especially when most countries with a functional public education system also have public/universal healthcare.

only English please kinda tempted to write a history of the period