In determining 3/5 of the slave population of a southern state, did the southern states count each Slave one by one? Were tax records utilized? or was there another process by which the southern states could count 3/5 of it's slave population and then total the results with the remainder of the southern population to determine representation and taxation?

Looking at the fact the ships were quite shallow, would this have resulted in casualties at sea?

I am sorry if this question seems too loaded for this sub based on the events in Paris, but those current events brought this to my mind. I cannot remember where, but years ago I read some historian or essayist argue that the reason that Islam cannot tolerate discussion and dissent is because the Islam and Middle East never experienced an Enlightenment or Age of Reason like Christianity did in Western Europe. Is the latter half of that statement true? What was happening in the Middle East while Western Europe was undergoing that radical change?

The conclusions to be drawn from that history are better discussed in a different sub -- any suggestions? Thank you!

So someone on reddit (who I won't link to) made the claim that early muslims did make depictions of Muhammad and the belief that he should not be drawn only came later and these artworks were then defaced. Is there any truth to this statement?

Hello, I'm hoping someone can give me a good recommendation for a book on the history of Irish nationalism, a topic I've been interested in for a long time. Hoping for something objective and thorough. One I have found but haven't tried yet is The Green Flag by Robert Kee; can anyone give any thoughts on this or suggestions for another one? Anything is appreciated. Thanks!

More generally, how would slave masters deal with flu season and other outbreaks?

I have saw Unbroken and i have loved this, and i want to do research about that. Did some other sportsmen have participated at the WW2 and maybe they were POW and if yes did they survive or not ? Some books exists or not ?

I understand the history and procedure for homesteading and the land acts that went with that but I don't understand how towns were actually created from the land. Say Smithtown was founded on a creek by John Smith in 1870. Did John Smith buy the land around the creek, plat it, and sell the individual lots or did the government decided his plan was good and platted the land and sold it themselves? How were the individual parcels of land obtained and sold in old towns?

As the title suggests, I am interested in gathering an AskHistorians vetted and approved list of what might be called Islamic Political Theology. By this, I am requesting a list of reading from introductory to advanced of the influence and inspiration of Islamic theology on systems of political governance.

I know this topic is largely and equally a matter of "merely" studying the history of Islam alone, but texts which are specific to this question are encouraged.

Please note that I am familiar with the "Book List" and have already noted the texts referenced there.

Thank you.

I am in New Orleans right now for the 200th anniversary of the 1815 Battle. Now the New Orleans port is on the Mississippi, very far from its mouth. Yet it was a large city (one of the 5 largest in the US) even before the first steam ship arrived. How did sailing vessels fight against the current to dock at New Orleans?

It seems to me that either the Germans or the Allies could have mounted an invasion along the coastline stretching from Dunkirk to Zeebrugge in order to outflank each other. Why did this not occour? Were there any plans to do anything such as this? Was this actually attempted on any scale?

I want to learn European history, but I lack the money to buy dozens of history books. So, I was thinking about diving into Wikipedia. Maybe set up a certain study plan.

But really, my question revolves around rather Wikipedia is a good source to do this with.

I am considering changing my LLB to a BA with majors in Ancient History and English. This is a scary idea because there is a lot of stigma surrounding jobs with a BA, and if I do this I will be graduating extremely late and it may further hamper future job applications. The LLB is a 4 year honours degree and I am barely halfway through. However it has taken me six years (I was registered at university for four of them) to reach this point. I have enough credits from the law modules to transfer to shorten my BA by 6 months or a year at minimum, but this still means that I will have been at university for the better part of a decade.

I find ancient history and English interesting enough that I would happily make a career out if it. I do not feel the same way about the law degree that I am currently doing. However I am unaware of what sort of job I can do with a BA with these majors. I know that academics is an option. So my actual question is a bit long;

1. What are your qualifications and was it difficult to find a job with them?

2. What sort of career can I expect from this change?

Did they dig out shelters? Or was there other means for safety?

I'm considering doing my Leaving Cert essay for history on Claudius and I was just wondering if there was enough reliable information out there to write a full essay on.

I'm referring to the fact that these companies and corporations essentially own their respective markets to the point that it's futile to attempt to provide an alternative. Any emerging services that do show potential are often bought by one of these larger groups (YouTube, WhatsApp, Instagram etc), and it's rather difficult to imagine them going anywhere anytime soon.

I've been wondering if any organized bodies in the past existed in a similar way. Obviously I'm not expecting any multinationals, bud did these titans of business and industry arise in the past, and what happened to bring about their ultimate demise?