Napoleon in 1815 against the 7th coallition faced a similar situation that France had been in less then 20 years earlier, attacked from several directions by several nations, revolutionary France managed to repulse them by making the entire population work against the enemy.

Why didn't Napoleon do the same?

A little broad and the question might be phrased badly. Basically, in medieval kingdoms what do we know about:

Armor? Were knights dressed in the stereotypical full-suit-lining-a-fancy-hallway, or was it more the chain mail armor? How effective was the armor?

Swords? I've read recently that they're lighter than most people would think. How practical were they against the types of armor?

Any other types of weaponry? Spears, pikes, arrows, etc. and anything that pop culture has missed out on?

Edit: I've been advised to name a time period. I'd say anywhere during the High Middle Ages, so roundabouts 1000-1300.

Also, how was the relation between a cesar and his kings in general?

Are there any records of what it was like for returning soldiers after their campaigns and did they suffer similar hardships to what soldiers of today experience? Especially before the invention gun and artillery.

The old brythonic languages that used to exist (Welsh is the closest we have left), what did they write their literature in before the Romans introduced the Latin script?

Here is the actual exam question that we do not have the maps for:

a) Describe and explain the spatial distribution of world population in 1800. (Where are most people situated? Give reasons and examples of why? Show your knowledge of how and why people moved over time).

and then:

b) Describe and explain the spatial distribution of world population in 2012. (Where are most people situated? Give reasons and examples of why? Show your knowledge of history here as well.

I was told recently that the US Marine Corps instigated a coup on the Hawaiian Islands and forced the Queen out of power. I'm curious who was responsible and how it went down...it doesn't seem to be a very widely known fact.

It seems as if nearly every ancient and medieval civilization used capital punishment for all sorts of crimes. Did nobody question the morals of it or were people just more barbaric?

And if not, why is that so when the hydrogen bomb is much more powerful?

What are the major countries, what are they known for, how have they influenced the world, what their culture is like, and why are they important?

Vietnam and Thailand in particular.

How widespread and valuable was coinage prior to industrialization and mass production of goods?

In the modern world we have electronic banking and easy transfer of assets, all done through banks, but how did deals and contracts go down in the past?

I was thinking about this when I was browsing an archive of coins. What striked me as odd was the fact that all the Chinese coins had a square hole in the center, used for chaining them up, while coins elsewhere did not. Does this mean that coins in China were more widespread in China, and thus worth less? How much coin would have had to be transferred for a person to buy a house in China say during the Song Dynasty? Versus in other parts of the world, let's say post Republic Rome. Would a person in Rome have had to carry large bags of coins or other assets to transfer goods, or did they use a more valuable coinage in gold?

What happens when a ruler dies? Do the coins with that person's face lose their value and get smelt down every time for more coins? Or do they keep getting recirculated in the market along with other newer coins? What determined the value of one coinage currency vs. another, or were they of roughly the same value according to their quality and composition?

When did currency ratios come into existence? Like here is my Song Dynasty coin and I shall trade it for a Kamakura coin 4.6 to the 1. Or here is my Macedonian coin which I shall trade for a Seleucid coin 6 to the 1.

And what about coins from realms without monarchs like Republican Rome? Who's faces went on the coins and how did they determine which coins got taken out or introduced to the market?

When did people start to understand what inflation was and how awful it was for coinage based economies? I mean you would have to lull so many coins you would literally have to hire people just to carry the bags I assume.

I've heard that pole arm formations were used very often in Medieval Europe, but as far as I can see, pole-arm formations were a large group of armored men with pole-arms that would either march toward the enemy or defend a position.

But wouldn't a formation like that be very vulnerable to arrows? they didn't carry shields so they would be forced to endure getting hit by multiple waves of arrows, and hope that their armor would protect them from volley after volley of arrows(which it probably couldn't after being bombarded by arrows for a long while).

Wouldn't a group of archers win against a formation of pole-arm men, to the point that it would be considered wasteful to have a tightly packed pole-arm formation in the first place?

How applicable are these terms to areas outside of Europe?

I have always taken it for granted that they committed suicide since from our perspective they did a bad thing, and we also know that the ones who lived were hanged. But what reasons did they have from their own perspective? I know some of them were provided with cyanide pills in advance, which makes me wonder even more. Was it expected that they would be put on trial, and if so, why, given that leaders generally hadn't been tried before? Did any of them believe that they had done something wrong? Were they simply trying to protect secrets that they hoped would be useful to a future Reich?

What did Italian dishes consist of before they came to the new world and discovered tomatoes?

I'm in the midst of battle, exhausted and burning up in the summer sun in my armor. Surprisingly, as a human I'm going to need water sooner or later or I'm done fighting. Was there a way to keep the troops hydrated, say, as a roman or a greek etc.?