I'm writing an essay on 19th century nationalism, and the topic of historic kingdoms came into play. Going deeper into thought on the subject and further procrastinating, I wondered what the middle ages were called in the middle ages.

I realize this cold be a broad question, but if you have any idea of how people between England and Constantinople viewed their era that would be great. Was it post-Roman? Another period in Roman history? The Christian period?

In instances like the texas revolution against mexico, in honduras with General Christmas, and in Niceragua, how did they get, if they did get, cannons, and any other weapons that a regular store wouldn't carry.

I was researching the Middle East in Late Antiquity for an alternate history project and I came upon a roadblock when it comes to Phoenicia. Wikipedia or other sources I can find quickly know very little about that period in this particular region, while I can find some information about everything else in Middle East.

So what language did people in Phoenicia speak then? What "nationality" did they consider themselves? What religion(s) were most common? Were the inhabitants of the region still descended from the original Phoenicians or were they mostly supplanted by Arameans, or Romans, or other peoples?

Disclaimer: It's not a "what would happen if..." alternative history question. I'm asking about what the region was like in real history, so that I can make my own conclusions.

I can't seem to find a straight answer for this question.

As a side note, If you have any other interesting information about Attila and the Huns, I'd be open to hear it. Could you also list your sources please? :) Thanks.

Extra Question (If you fancy it) : What was Attila's Army composition like? Are there any detailed articles or books about this? (I've tried google and they all seem to be anecdotal)

Hi Askhistorians!

I am a quite naive passionate of history. That means that I love history or history book but I am not a professional. I would like to have a good reading about the American Civil War. In particular I'm searching a book that address this topics in particular:

1. political and economical issues of the war
2. tactical and strategic issues of the fight.

Generally, I would like something to bring me over the "pro-vs-against-slavery framework". If you think that one single book can not cover appropriately the issues above, I'm more than ready to take suggestions on several books.

Thank in advance fellows.

I am looking for photographs of archeaological finds from the Oyo empire an modern illustrations based on both written and physical evidence. I can't seem to find any images of Oyo cavalry or any of the Oyo empire's military forces that look properly labelled or have a decent resolution.

English is the current lingua franca of international business, education, science, technology, diplomacy, entertainment, radio, seafaring, and aviation.

Why did English gain this prominence & not another language like Icelandic, Danish, Hindi, Khmer, Thai, for instance? Why do countries where the official language isn't English find it important to learn English?

By Dark Ages I mean 1000-1600 or thereabouts.

I've been watching the BBC documentary "Auschwitz: Inside the Nazi State" and it's made me curious about how those who helped carry out the Final Solution came to view their actions long after the war had ended.

In the documentary they interview a few of those who helped carry out the Final Solution with their views on it seeming to range from acceptance that they took part in something that was beyond their control to what I would pretty much describe as non repentant about their part in it, perhaps even being proud of it still to this day.

I'm interested in a book explaining the reasons for the "socialist market reforms" and how they took place. Thanks in advance!

I'm of course not talking in terms of people who have been recorded. But are there any reports of the style of speech of say... king Henry VIII, Alexander the great, confucius, or Constantine? Or any historical figure.

What was their voice like? Deep, stuttering, high, always breaking, lisp?

I asked this before on "askreddit", but i hope i would get here some more quality answers. Thank you

Edit: why and when did the meanings start to differ?

How would the ancient Greeks and Romans clip maintain their nails? How did this evolve to our beautiful nail-clippers of today?

I mean, of course something happened here, but we know what happened? There's some kind of registered history by the indigenous people (like the Guaranis and the Tupis) of South America?