Best mound builders/Shawnee/Miami resources.

At what point in the evolution of humanity did human beings start using mind-altering substances?

Were***

What kind of business venture?

Was it in Argentina? Germany? Egypt? etc...

How successful were they?

...and why do they often differ from what said country/culture calls itself? For example, a person we call "German" from "Germany" would call themselves "Deutsch" from "Deutschland".

And even stranger is our terminology for Eastern nations. Ex: "Japan" and "Japanese" vs "Nihon" and "Nihon no".

Obviously some of these terminologies make sense, especially countries where the primary language is latin based "Italia/Italiano" "Mexico/Mexicano".

But how, when, and why did these variant terms come into use?

We often hear all of the USA's conflicts with Native Americans conglomerated into the Indian wars but how many distinct conflicts were there exactly?

Ok so being of Mexican heritage, and being that I have recently begun looking into the details of my ancestry, I have come across a question which has had me disgruntled and for lack a better word upset. What my question entails is why the extermination of the Indigenous peoples of Mexico and the various tribes that they entail, are perhaps overlooked in the world history texts whereas modern events such as slavery in America, the holocaust, and the Rwandan genocide are brought up frequently and explained in much more detail.

In other words, without devolving into an argument of one peoples pain being worse than another, it is hard for me to accept and embrace the sentiment that the extermination of the Jews (which failed mind you), is any more important than my ancestors who were just as much people as Jews in Germany, or Africans in early America.

I would appreciate a historical explanation for why and how it is that when Hitler attempts to remove a people it is evil, yet when Cortes and the Spanish affiliates successfully exterminate the pure blood indigenous tribes it is seen as 'conquest'?

So paper is extremely fragile. I can only imagine what a disaster a library fire will be. So are historians generally in favour of storing primary sources in digital form (high-res photos, etc...), or are there some reason to be against it? Is the only reason this hasn't happened the time and manpower that would be required for such a project?

Searching for this question in this subreddit returns 0 results.

Basically, here in the United States, my professors over the years have basically told me that communism in Russia failed because it was riddled with corruption and a centralized planning model that was basically and just simply doing too much, and eventually collapsed. Their argument was that a free market, because of its chaotic nature, was more efficient at growing and progressing markets and industry and science, compared to a centralized soviet system that had great industrial production capabilities, but was just simply not efficient, there are the stories of simple industry failures like nobody could buy new shoes, because none were produced that month to meet demand, or other simple consumer items. When the cold war began, they attempted to keep up with American production and engaged in proxy wars throughout that time, which basically made the soviet economy red-line and collapse, plus they were more of an empire and there was great local resistance to soviet rule in each satellite state that fed Russia.

This question has been bugging me for a while now, any ideas which came first? It seems like the only way to get metal is to mine for it with something hard like a metal. Or were the first picks just flint spears/clovis points? If so, how can you mine copper and tin with flint or bone tools?

If some metal was available without mining, how could one make a pick out of it? It would require smelting, which would require a furnace, made out of stone or metal, which would have to be mined... with a pickaxe.

Or if the furnace were made of brick, from clay, where did we get the heat to fire the clay, without a furnace to begin with?

And where does the hatchet fit into all this, did it (and lumber) come before or after metals and picks? Smelting would require wood, which would need to be cut with an axe, which would have to be smelted, with red-hot metal heated by lumber...

If anyone could shed some light on this, that would be great, thanks!

I just finished reading "The Romanov Sisters: The Lost Lives of the Daughters of Nicholas and Alexandra" by Helen Rappaport and realized that she didn't write anything at all of the reaction to the tragedy of the family's murder on a global scale. I figured that their end must have garnered pretty extreme responses to those outside of Russia.

My (limited) knowledge of history seems to always be from the European point of view. I am very interested to hear what cultures that are first encountering large ships, strange clothes and technology have to say about them and how exactly they describe them.

Its quite obvious that in the early to mid 1900's that there was an astounding racist majority and the push for civil rights was one that grew ten fold and was popularized by media and such. Eventually Lyndon Johnson would sing the bill proposed by John Kennedy just a year before and months before his assassination.

That said, it's very doubtful that the majority of racism against blacks just suddenly vanished overnight, and that it would be a long trial before the majority became a minority. So that's what im asking, when was the societal views on blacks stop being racist ones, and what were some events, if any, that surved as turning points?

A quick wiki check reveals a number of duels in late18th/early19thC England which ended in fatalities. However, some seem to have resulted in prosecution (and at least one execution) and some did not.

Anyone know why?

I've heard lots of conflicting evidence, and now I'm in a college class that is saying "It was impossible" and I'm quite confused by all the conflicting information. I also feel like my teacher uses very poor sources of information but i'm not sure and would like some info to check it against.