They're made out to be the stone ages but in reality, how dark were the dark ages in terms of advances in science, literature, art, etc.?

It seems like a fairly simple invention but I have never seen an example of it in Native American culture.

How did cannoneers and musketeers protect there ears? I'm doing some living history stuff involving cannon fire and that (as well as other things in my life) are starting to lead to tinnitus. What were some methods that they would use in approximately colonial times?

Did they influence the war in any significant way?

Because it seems like, back in the days of farming, it would have been a bad idea to take a vacation during summer. I get why school would be out. But, when/where did the tradition of the entire family going on a summer vacation originate?

I subscribe to a daily "on this date in WW I", and today it noted that an internal report to Austria said Serbia was not involved. Given that was only a few weeks after the assassination, what is the historical verdict? Also, if Serbia was not involved, why did they agree to most of the Austrian demands?

I just read a article on the web and they considered the leader of ISIS to be the antichrist. How many times has this happened in history?

EDIT: Woah thanks for the great replies dudes!

I've heard that America's entry was the turning point on the Western Front, but when the Americans arrived, wouldn't they have just provided more targets for German defensive positions to chew up with machine gun fire?

So what was the reason the Allies were able to make such big advances in the summer of 1918?

The revolution was killing the French economy, and caused massive famines and widespread chaos within the nation. Their troops were poorly equipped, and lacked the discipline and organization of the professional armies of their neighbors.

They were attacked by.......

The entire Holy Roman Empire.

The British.

The Prussians.

The Russians.

The Spanish.

The Portuguese.

The Dutch.

The Ottomans.

and essentially every other nation in Europe along with French Royalists and people who hated the revolution. How exactly did they end up winning the war?

This question popped up in my head last and made me think that, it probably isn't that high of a percentage.

I'm not exactly sure how you would figure such a number, but I figured if anybody could it would be the fine ladies and gentlemen of this sub.

What did he think of people that were white, not Slavs/Jewish, yet were also not German? Did the think of them as equals? Were they inferior? What did the nazi party have to say about this?

In terms of Casualties and Army size.

Were any Roma or Sinti people counted among the Righteous Gentiles during the Shoah, considering that they were not Jewish and yet they were targeted by the Nazis just as much as the Jews?

For that matter, were any Jews counted among the Roma/Sinti equivalent of the Righteous Gentiles?

France and Britain always seemed to have a rivalry. What was the start of this, as in, what caused it?

Surely they didn't use plaintext?!

How did they do it? If it was someone important like a king wouldn't they be protectet by a whole bunch of bodyguards during the battle? And how did the other party recognize the one they would kidnap? Was it better to stay incognito on the battlefield, with the chance of getting killed, or was it better to be recognizable as someone from higher nobility but with higher chances of getting kidnapped? And lastley how were they abble to pull a knight from its horse and pull him all the way to their own encampent or was there another way to that?