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I was told in school that Tariq and Musa belong to the realm of legend, but I've also heard that some places, like Gibraltar or Tarifa, got their names after Tariq. Did they really exist, or were they fabricated?

The Alevis are considered a syncretic Shia Muslim group, with a currently predominantly Kurdish and Turkish adherence based in Anatolia. They were prominent because their beliefs were supposedly what the Safavid dynasty followed, and the Safavids used Alevis (or Qizilbash) as soldiers.

Why is the Shia Islam of Iran today so different from Alevism, then? Iran follows Twelver Shi'ism, which is highly orthodox and distinct from Alevism. If Iran only has a Shia majority because the Safavids forcibly converted the population, then why do Iranians follow a brand of Shia Islam that's so distinct from what Safavids believed in?

Hi, Looking for sources on the various religious practices of the early - middle bronze age people. Looking for information on their pantheons and methods of worship.

Info on the Sumerian and Assyrians would be highly valued

Hello historians,

I'm currently working on a bibliography for a research paper. I've had no trouble finding secondary sources, but I've exhausted all of my available academic resources looking for primary sources. I'm looking for French and Spanish perspectives during Napoleon Bonaparte's occupation in Spain.

Any possible suggestions would be extremely appreciated!

I have heard much about the libelle pamplets and the role they played in the French Revolution - from sources dealing with the history of the Revolution itself and those dealing with sexuality/pornography and its history - and I was wondering if English translations have been made of these documents? Amazon is bringing up nothing and Google consistently assumes I've misspelled or that the documents simply do not exist.

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Any assistance from historians would be gratefully appreciated.

Were MPs who were young and fit enough to assist the war effort entitled to retain their seats during their service? How many of the several by-elections of the time were triggered by MPs being killed in action?

Wikipedia tells me that Peter was unpopular as he was too close to Frederik II of Prussia, but it doesn't give much detail.

The core of zoroastrian morality is

"Good thoughts, good words, good actions"

and there is a christian prayer said during masses that goes:

"I confess to you my brothers and sisters that I have sinned, with my thoughts, with my words, with my actions, and with what I omitted to do, that's why I beg to you my brothers and sisters, and to God almighty, to intercede for me. Amen".

I found several versions of that prayer, but those three things: thoughts, words, and actions, are always there, always in that order. Could it be that this is Zoroastrian influence?.

I imagine that using familiar wording of key concepts would help t attract new converts, several early saints were either manicheist or zoroastrian converts, so maybe they used phrases common in their former religions and that flowed into the rest of christianity.

Even the part were christians say "with my actions and with what I omitted to do" seems like a reflection or a commentary on the zoroastrian doctrine, the idea that not doing the right thing is as bad as doing a bad thing, which maybe many zoroastrians rejected.

But maybe I'm reading to much into a small coincidence.

Were the African-American kids being taught that they were inferior by their teachers in the public school?

Could a parent protect their child from the rampant racism and insults?

And lastly, did the African-American schools had the same curriculum as the white only schools?

Thank you in advance, and i am sorry if there are a lot of questions for just one thread.

We know that in time of Roman Empire everyday people used Latin. But when Latin become language of very few people in Middle Ages? How this happened? I'm asking this because, Bible was only translated in Old Greek and Latin and common people could not read it in Middle Ages. So i wonder when and why Latin crossed from lingua franca to just church and rich?

Why did it disappear? And when?

How were popular musicians like Beethoven, Mozart, Bach, etc. viewed back in the day? I like listening to classical music a lot and I reasoned that the music of these composers have survived because they were quite popular with people. Comparing it with current popular music (say Justin Bieber, Taylor Swift, etc.), one would not really put their music as "high art". So, I wanted to know if the music of these classical greats were considered as highly during their times (I know, for example, Mozart performed for the royalty, but was there any critique, for example from established musicians?)?

As Pakistan was part of India till the Independence. Do Pakistan schools teach their students about Gandhiji, Bhagat Singh, etc.? Do they give enough credit to the freedom fighters responsible for the Independence of both countries?

From a strictly economic standpoint, which was more efficient: the medival/feudal system of raising armies through banner men/lords or holding professional armies ala Rome? I know the latter was probably more expensive but which was more efficient and effective?

Hello all. I'm hoping I can get some help for a few questions I have regarding a writing endeavor of mine. It's a story that takes place during the American Civil War and follows some LGBTQA+ themes, including a soldier questioning his sexuality after beginning to have feelings for a fellow soldier (his best friend). He needs to confide in his attraction to men to that soldier. Another character is a lesbian who comes to the realization that she instead identifies as a man (a lot will be inspired by Private Albert D.J. Cashier, the trans-man who fought in the Civil War). I'm lesbian, so I understand the coming out process, the emotions behind it, etc. but I was wondering if anyone here knows of any LGBT stories from this era that I can use as reference for accuracy. I want the coming out scene to be as accurate as possible, so any information would be greatly appreciated!

TL:DR; I need information for writing two LGBT Civil War-era characters: one who is a gay male and one who is female-to-male transgender. I mostly want to know 1) what the male character's experience in coming out and finding a partner would have been like and 2) what the trans character would have had available to them in order to pass as male in the 19th century.

Any help is appreciated! Thanks!