So I've been playing a lot of Crusader Kings II because it's a fun game. One thing I've noted(and also angered myself over) is the Catholic's lack of Casus Belli, or cause for war. Naturally you wage a war because you want land which in turn gives you a title and whatnot. Unless you want to go to Holy War against the Muslim or Pagan rulers(which is the equivalent of sticking your privates in a wasps nest really) you need a valid cause. One of these is of course that you forge a claim to whatever area you want. Another is a thing called a "De Juer" claim. Basically this means you have a Duchy that traditionally consisted of Barony A, B, C and D. You hold the title of the Duchy, but Barony D has somehow ended up under a different ruler, so Baron D is not your vassal. This means you can claim that "This Barony is actually a part of my Duchy!" and you can call your valiant men to arms and go to war against the misfits that are there.

How realistic was this and was it often used? Was there other valid Casus Belli in European Middle Ages? Could you just declare war on someone because you didn't like them? What were the repercussions if you declared an "unlawful" war(i.e. no valid Casus Belli)?

Will clarify if there are any questions.

It is a known fact that the island microstates of the Pacific ocean where inhabited for centuries before the Europeans landed ashore and greeted the natives. It is obvious that the Austronesians colonized these parts of the globe by just sailing and island hopping, but I am searching for more specific details.

For example, was it a find-land-or-die-trying thing (they set off into the horizon hoping they would find new land)? It seems completely absurd just how they managed to reach even the easter islands (off the coast of Chile), a microscopic SPEC on the Pacific ocean and even lived there. Assuming they did not have the vessels the Europeans did during the age of discovery, and knowing even the Europeans had huge troubles around transoceanic voyages, I can't possibly think just how Austronesians could carry food, water, and enough population to complete such voyages and even colonize an entire island.

I'm a librarian helping a user out with some research. The user is looking to track down a relative who escaped the Holocaust around 1942 by traveling from Odessa to Palestine via Turkey. I'm wondering where the best database/records might be to search that would give us some info on when someone migrated to Palestine. It's believed that the passage from Odessa to Turkey was by boat, so tracking down a ship manifest would be excellent, but I know it may be highly unlikely. Any suggestions on possible starting points?

Thank you so much in advance!

I was reading through the Federalist papers (as ya do), and noticed how historically in depth Madison and Hamilton get when they are explaining examples of various confederacies and why they failed like the Articles of Confederation will fail (at least according to them), in Federalist papers 18,19, and 20. So my question is how much information would the Founding Fathers' have been taught or known about world history?

I'm far from a historian or anything like that, I just find history to be very intresting. That being said, my understanding might not be 100% accurate so I'd love some insight.

So, I believe I read or heard somewhere that because water purification techniques weren't very great back then (I'm thinking medieval times, although I've read that workers in a brewery in England avoided getting cholera because they drank beer instead of water from the wells) most people drank beer/ale or wine because it was safer.

If this is true, how were people able to function drinking alcoholic beverages all day? I assume they aren't as strong as today, but still. Additionally, how common were liver problems and addictions due to alcohol? Were there any rehab type of treatments for people who drank too much, or did they just die?

It is said that Fighter Pilots in the Second World War tended to have an average age of 21 or 22 across the countries (though older pilots were far from unheard of). Was there a specific recruitment drive towards young airmen or did the average age reflect they type of person who would want to sign up?

Say I was drafted by the United States Army for the infantry, and I manage to complete my tour of duty in Vietnam without any significant injury or wounds. What happens when I get sent back 'the world'. Am I immediately released from the Army or am I put to work stateside? How long does my draft period last?

I ask because I've read stories of people like Jozsef Bem who fled to the Ottoman Empire and ended up living out his days (supposedly) as a governor of Syria. Would Christians even think of fleeing to the Empire if they were in a border area? Would they have to pay jizya tax or send their children to the Janissaries?

Additionally, why did this happen in places like Iberia, Italy, and Gallia, but not in places like England and the Rhineland?

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Sorry for the combined question! My curiosity arose from reading that "As Pharaoh of Egypt, Claudius adopted the royal titulary Tiberios Klaudios, Autokrator Heqaheqau Meryasetptah, Kanakht Djediakhshuemakhet ("Tiberius Claudius, Emperor and ruler of rulers, beloved of Isis and Ptah, the strong bull of the stable moon on the horizon")." On Wikipedia.

The Romans were famously anti-king, and the last Egyptian independant pharaoh was Cleopatra. After her defeat and death, did Augustus and all subsequent emperors assume the role of pharaohs? If so, how did Romans reconcile their (in theory) first amongst equal, backed by the Senate, principate era emperor also being king/pharaoh of a Roman province?

Necessary in a sense that it was a social norm and that if you did not, you're outcasted or looked at weirdly.

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I really don’t know anything outside of the movies like the mummy, jungle book, Tarzan, etc... I’m not even sure it’s India but I’m just curious, did the British conquer Eastern Asia? Or was it a friendly presence?

It's always struck me as odd to see TV shows/movies where someone goes into a bar and says "I'll have a beer", as if they had no preference, and as if there was only "a beer" on tap.

So would there have been multiple things to choose from at that time? I had read that hops wasn't used to make beer until later, so what would they have been drinking? Would you go up to a counter like you do now and ask for a drink, or was the method of service completely different?

I LOVE history, specifically war history, my favorite WAR (-.-) being the American Civil War. So why haven't I heard a single damn thing about India? did they participate in WWI or WWII? 'Nam or Korea? what is their combat history is they have any?

I have tried searching for the following information:

- physical appearance / characteristics.

- culture.

- interactions with Neanderthals.

Most of the information on the internet that I have seen involves hypotheses that they migrated to North America. I was wondering if anyone could help me track down sources that explain the Solutreans in more detail?

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Thanks.

The big ones -- Mark, Luke, John, Timothy, etc. these are obviously people and the people who wrote them.

Then there's Genesis, which in English means "beginning" or "start". Is it same as in Hebrew?

Then there's the ones that describe what happened, like "Exodus"

So, with so many potential sources, how were the books of the Bible named and put in order? Did some guy write Judges and selflessly named it Judges as opposed to The Gospel According to XXXXX?