And before it was, what did people think was wrong when someone got a tumor or got sick and died of cancer? Once it was labeled, what did they think the cause was?

He did qualify the statement later by saying the longbow had to be in the hands of a skilled archer and the reason why the longbow fell out of favour much earlier than the US Civil War was how long it took to train a decent archer as compared to a decent musket/rifleman.

But was he overall correct in saying that nothing could beat a longbow as a ranged missile weapon up until then? I'm not so sure.

Aside from staying away from flat grounds, what tactics have infantry based armies used to counter the strengths of calvary?
So far I have heard using spears (but wouldn't the horsemen simply use spears themselves?) and projectiles like javelins, slingers and archers (but wouldn't the cavalry be able to charge towards them unless they were protected by terrain all around?)
I'm interested in both Ancient and Medieval tactics here.

I tried searching this subreddit but couldn't find the same question.

A likely paraphrased quote makes rounds on the internet in the fitness sub culture which is often accredited to Socrates:

No citizen has a right to be an amateur in the matter of physical training... what a disgrace it is for a man to grow old without ever seeing the beauty and strength of which his body is capable.

However I cannot find any evidence that Socrates stated this, possibly because I don't really know where to look. If this was no Socrates, is it possible another Greek philosopher would likely have said something along those lines?

People often marginalize debunked scientific theories like Geocentrism and alchemy, but they are often rooted in deeply seated logic, contain many partial truths/good observations and remained in place because technology wasn't sufficient to provide much contrary evidence.

With this in mind, why would someone like Isaac Newton or any contemporary scientist believe in the existence of the philosopher’s stone? What “evidence” was there to convince people that transmutation or eternal life was not only possible, but readily attainable through alchemy?

In other words, was there a risk or expectation from anyone of violence relating to the creation of new nations?

I've got all sorts of questions, and am open to all sorts of answers, but I'm interested in travel in the middle ages, basically, how they did it, how long it took, and survival rates(I hear lots about brigands, rapers, wolves, and dysentery, so maybe traveling was especially dangerous) Presumable it all changed throughout the ages in some fashion, even if it is just ebbing and flowing.

Some questions I have:

For a peasant I assume by foot, though apart from going to market I see little purpose for their travel For those with horses, how fast and far would they travel in a given period? When I hear about how much plate armour weighs, how many people, horses and baggage would accompany a "simple" Medieval Knight in his travels to court, battle, and wherever else he pleases I imagine.

What sort of parade followed a Duke or King? Given the amount of food they ate, the time it took to set up and take down all sorts of equipment to make the lords comfortable, they must have taken forever to get anywhere.

could one purchase passage in a shared carriage or caravan through dangerous parts?

Did every forest have it's own Robin Hood robbing from the rich to give to the poor?

Please give comprehensive list of sources. Thank you

I have been reading about this particular period, and I am aware what the impact of this Sanction was, but I am not clear what motivated Charles V.

Was it to centralize power away from the various states / provinces / duchies? Was it a longer-term attempt to keep the entire Low Countries in Habsburg hands?

Is there a motivation that is correlated with his decision to force matters such that he had to give the entire Low Countries to the Spanish side instead of the HRE side of the family? Does it have to do with the wool / cloth trade between Castille and the Low Countries?

Possibly a related final question is, when the Pragmatic Sanction was made, did Charles V already accept that he would have to split his realms between the Austrian and Spanish sides?

Thanks in advance for your answers!

Cat fancying websites like to trot out this little "fact" but I can't find any evidence.

If I remember correctly, in Guns of August, the part about eastern front, the author mentions briefly something about Russians sending a message that German field mathematician had no trouble deciphering. How common it was to send mathematicians like this with an army? Had they any other duties than than deciphering enemy messages? Thanks.

Apparently there was a secret arrangement regarding the placement of US missiles in Turkey! Thx!