What did the people and authorities living in Rome and the Papacy in the year 1000 call the colloquial language they spoke? Did they still call it Latin, or something else?

It seems that by the 800s, the Catholic Church had to start making proclamations in vernacular languages even in places where Romance languages were spoken, as the languages had diverged so far from Latin and even from Vulgar Latin.

But what about the city of Rome itself? Did the language spoken by the common people and even by the Church's officials stay as "Latin", or did it have a different name by the year 1000 (like maybe "Roman", analogous to "Tuscan" or "Venetian")?

2 Answers 2014-03-11

Why are ancient cities underground?

I'm not really sure if this is the right place to post this, but I've been wondering why, in Rome or Vienna for example, many of the ruins of old buildings are 5 or 6m below the current ground level. Can anyone help me out?

3 Answers 2014-03-11

We have all heard of The Etruscan league,Rome,Carthage and Pergamon but what city states don't get that much attention that existed OUTSIDE of Greece?

6 Answers 2014-03-11

Did either side in the American civil war hire mercenaries from other countries? If so what was their impact?

3 Answers 2014-03-11

Athena offered Wisdom, Aphrodite a woman, but Hera offered Asia to Paris for the golden apple. Why Asia?

The parts about Athena and Aphrodite I understand. But Hera offering Asia to Paris, I was wondering was there anything that explains why she offered Asia.

3 Answers 2014-03-11

Who were the worst dictators of all time?

1 Answers 2014-03-11

Did the Allies (America especially) pioneer the bombing of urban civilian populations, or were the Axis the ones to pioneer it?

People have brought up counterclaims in response to my assertion that "by the time of your source the war in Europe and Asia had been raging for years already and civilian bombing carried out countless times. While the Allies sure did some nasty things, they were far less than that of the Axis - saying otherwise is historical revisionism"

http://blog.nuclearsecrecy.com/2013/08/30/who-made-that-firebomb/ "is the AN-M69 Incendiary Bomb. This was a cluster-based napalm weapon developed by the Standard Oil Company, specifically designed to destroy Japanese civilian houses. Standard Oil’s development of the AN-M69 started in early October 1941 — almost exactly two months before the attack on Pearl Harbor."

and

The work was funded by the Office of Scientific Research and Development. What makes it disturbing is that the engineering is very explicitly directed towards the destruction of civilian life.

The effects testing, done very carefully by both universities (Harvard again, along with the University of Chicago), corporations (Standard Oil, Texas Company), and the military (Ordnance Department) are also pretty grim. Some 80 million pounds of napalm were produced and used during the war.

USA did the pioneering and perfecting of mass burning of millions of civilians Each B-29 could carry 40 clusters in their bomb bays. So that’s 1,520 AN-M69s per plane, and the raids could range from dozens to hundreds of planes. You can do the math, there. Over 40,000 tons of AN-M69s were dropped on Japanese cities during the war. It took about 125 tons per square mile to completely burn out an area of a Japanese city. The AN-M69 had, a once-classified postwar report announced triumphantly, “the highest fire-starting efficiency per cluster, or per ton, or per bomber of any incendiary bomb” developed during the war. Some 80 million pounds of napalm were produced and used during the war.

I note that a somewhat similar thread has been posted, but it doesn't have clear examples and explanations of Axis behavior (both Germany and Japan) pioneering civilian bombing.

4 Answers 2014-03-11

From the 15th c. onwards, which terms or expressions were used to refer to homosexuality in the Atlantic World?

I recently read a case trial bringing up the subject, "Under Investigation for the Abominable Sin: Damián de Morales Stands Accused of Attempting to Seduce Antón de Tierra de Congo." in Colonial lives: documents on Latin American history, 1550-1850 by Richard E. Boyer and Geoffery Spurling.

I was wondering which terms were used to refer to homosexual behavior besides "abominable sin" or "sodomy". Also, I'm curious about how this was done in all of the Atlantic Empires, Africa, and the Americas.

1 Answers 2014-03-11

What do we know about Hittite civilization?

I have found very little on the subject online. Book recommendations are welcome.

2 Answers 2014-03-11

Did pirates wear eye patches?

2 Answers 2014-03-11

When Canada changed its flag, what did they do with all the old ones?

Be they stitched into uniforms or flown from flagpoles, Canada must have had a lot of old flags. How did they get rid of them? Were they disposed of respectfully, or were the majority just thrown out?

1 Answers 2014-03-11

Why did the Japanese treat their POWs so harshly? From what I've read, they were reasonable in WWI

1 Answers 2014-03-11

What team-based non-gladiatorial contact sport caused the most injuries in Ancient Rome?

Can you describe the sport and how you play? Was it popular? What kinds of injuries were caused and were they a part of the game itself?

2 Answers 2014-03-11

Did People celebrate the turn of the millennium in 1000 BC the same way we did in 2000 BC?

Did they have celebrations and whatnot? Did nations differ in their celebrations? edit: Yep I fucked up XD I mean 1000 AD

4 Answers 2014-03-11

How old is the practice of owning dogs purely for companionship?

1 Answers 2014-03-11

Say I'm a squire to a Knight from Europe going to conquer the Holy Land in the name of God. Despite his prayers and prowess in battle, he gets bested but I escape. What happens to me now?

3 Answers 2014-03-11

Why are Communists 'Reds'?

I've wondered for a long time why Communism (and/or Russians in particular) were historically associated with the colour red. The best I can find is that the Russian army used red in its uniforms. But that itself raises the question again - why red? I realise that the idea of camouflage is fairly recent, and so obviously they weren't going to be outfitted in khaki, but why red? Aren't red dyes relatively expensive (relative to undyed material)? Relatedly, is the association of The Good Guys (tm) in video games etc with the colour blue purely a reaction/opposite to the red?

Sorry for my long-winded rambly question. I couldn't see it on the FAQ but have wondered about it for a long time.

2 Answers 2014-03-11

Did Ronald Ragen actually do the things mentioned in this song?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6lIqNjC1RKU&feature=kp[1]

1 Answers 2014-03-11

How much did the Roman settlement of Britian (43-409) influence the Celts, Saxons, and the Picts that lived there?

2 Answers 2014-03-11

What were the aftereffects of the Haitian Revolution?

1 Answers 2014-03-11

How aware were the Byzantines of the physical location and history of Troy?

It's my understanding that when Schliemann excavated Troy, he was considered something of a Homeric fundamentalist. In other words, while he was off looking for "Homer's Troy," most everyone else in the world thought he might as well have been looking for physical evidence of a fairy tale.

On the other hand, there must have been some knowledge of the physical location of Troy, which Schliemann was able to find with the guidance of Homer and local wisdom, among the Byzantines whose territory included Ilium for so many centuries. The knowledge of Homer was fairly widespread among the educated, too. The area was fairly occupied, with Kallipolis and Dardanellia right in the neighborhood.

My question is what did the Byzantines know about the historical Troy? Are there any indications that they knew about the significance of the site later excavated by Schliemann? Were there any pilgrimages there a la Alexander the Great? Was there any effort to appropriate the legacy of the historic Troy?

1 Answers 2014-03-11

Were there women officers in the soviet military? If so, what were their roles?

3 Answers 2014-03-11

What was it like before the existence of time zones? When were they established?

2 Answers 2014-03-11

Australia's history is all but a mystery to me thanks to public schools in the states. Who are their great leaders and what did they do to make Australia what it is today?

2 Answers 2014-03-11

Why were Puerto Ricans but not Filipinos granted American citizenship?

I saw this article on wikipedia. I can't find anything comparable for Philippines.

1 Answers 2014-03-11

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