Currently I'm reading the memoirs of General Heinz Guderian, titled Panzer Leader. In it he states that he refused to give out the commissar order to his troops when he received it in 1941. Also it is noted the numerous fights between himself and Adolf Hitler. The book, however, does not delve deep into his political views (as I would expect in a book about his military career). Was he a strong follower of Nazi beliefs? Was he a anti-Semite?

• Did this state function similarly to other European nations of the time (i.e. military, taxes, government, etc)?
• Did the Pope have all the same powers and authority that any normal monarch would have within their nation?
• How did the fact that the Papal States were ruled by the Pope affect society in general in terms of morality, law, and religious freedom and adherence, if at all?

Are there any religions that identify with the Abrahamic tradition but aren't part of the big three? Did they fall by the wayside a thousand years ago, or did they only ever catch on in one little corner of the world?

Hi,

My friend and I recently got into a debate and he was debating over "In God We Trust" being on the U.S. money. I said the Supreme Court upheld the decision that it was Constitutional, but he responded with "Plessy v. Ferguson." He then later stated that Supreme Court Case proves they can screw up sometimes and that I shouldn't look for the SC's opinion.

Something narrative, I guess. Thanks!

So another question inspired by Marco Polo here. The Khans of the earlier Mongol hordes such as Kublai were very directly connected with the legacy and prowess of Genghis. They sought to assume the mantle of the Great Khan and so were probably used to expected victory in all military affairs. After all, they had quite a string of success. So when they first lost to the Mamelukes, what was the reaction from the Khan in charge of that horde? What was the reaction in subsequent losses?

Since the USSR/СССР was so multicultural and linguistically diverse, with, among other countries, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and Estonia inside of it, was it seen as an asset to be bilingual or multilingual? What about English; was speaking English seen as an important skill to have?

My dad watched a lecture recently, where the speaker said that the Titanic sunk due to a impact with the iceberg when the ship reversed off the ice shelf it was on and not the initial impact with the iceberg.

Wikipedia makes references to Herodatus, Diodorus, and Pausanias, all of whom were Greek (not to mention not all were even alive in that era), with Herodatus being the main source on the battle. But what kind of sources survive from the Persian perspective, if anything? And if nothing survives, does that say anything in of itself?

If so are there any recommendations?

Considering how fundamental this change is, it seems a bit strange for it to simply have been the result of a shift in intellectual thought, specially considering the self-evident nature of the scientific ideal.

Was anything else at play? The timing seems odd, given that this was right around the time the true power of scientific progress became evident - could that have been it?

When Japan created its first conscript army in 1873 there were widespread riots and unrest over the conscription. The initial response towards conscription was very negative throughout Japan. How were Japanese government able to make people who were once so reluctant to serve in the military into the fanatical soldiers seen in World War II?

I understand that there wasn't a whole lot of lending going on so the interest rates question might be a little naive, but I'm actually unsure about everything on this. Watching the ruble tumble right now I've been wondering how they managed their currency. I'm curious about other communist/Eastern bloc countries as well.

Thanks!

Essentially, I need to know what crops were most commonly grown at that period and why. Sorry for grammar, posting from phone.

I think the only places that were kept was Puerto Rico and some island chains other than that nothing else.

My dad brought up a few questions at dinner. We realized that we had no knowledge on the issue whatsoever (we are Germans) but I hoped some here could give me some pointers and basic explanations, as far as that is possible.

1. Who are the people that mainly migrated from Europe to what would later become the USA? Personally, I often heard that deeply religious people moved over there, mainly from the british islands because they couldn't exert their faith as they wanted anymore. But I also remember these statements to come from people with pretty strong anti american sentiments.

2. Before/during the civil war, was the North pro or anti slavery? Was abolishing slavery a mere necessity to break the South economically or was there a true intent to liberate them?

I do have more questions, but their content strongly depends on the answer to these first two.

Thank you in advance for sharing your valuable insights!

Edit: syntax